OBJECTIVE Quantified risks of congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection and abnormal pregnancy outcomes following primary maternal infection were evaluated with meta- analysis based on published studies. METHODS The related literatures were searched in multiple literature databases regardless of languages. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the risks of vertic...

Background and Aims: Finding prevalence of chicken anemia virus (CAV) infection in native chickens is necessary to avoid transmission of infection to commercial flocks. In this paper we attempt to describe molecular detection of chicken anemia virus in native Larry-breed chickens in Chaharmahal-va-Bakhtiyari province in Iran for the first time. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collect...

Norovirus infection, a highly prevalent condition associated with a high rate of morbidity, comprises a significant health issue. Although norovirus transmission mainly occurs via the fecal-oral and vomit-oral routes, airborne transmission has been proposed in recent decades. This paper re-examines a previously described norovirus outbreak in a hotel restaurant wherein airborne transmission was...

TO THE EDITOR—The study by Middelkoop and colleagues [1] combining molecular and traditional epidemiology in a well-defined population is incredibly valuable. We were surprised that the index tuberculosis case patients in clusters had only twice the odds of being negative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), compared with other tuberculosis case patients. In the 1990s, there was little chang...

The definitive identification of the hepatitis C genome in 1989 resulted in confirmation that this virus is a worldwide health problem.(1) The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease and is one of the principal indications for liver transplantation. It is estimated that about four million Americans harbor hepatitis C antibodies. The virus is present in ...

Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium are obligate, intracellular, coccidian protozoa that cause selflimited diarrhoea in immunocompetent and prolonged diarrhoea in immunocompromised patients. This is the first case of coccidia infection acquired after swimming in a swimming pool in Nepal. This study describes the chronological evidence of these coccidia infections in a Nepalese swimmer with the possi...

We isolated Cowpox virus (CPXV) from the ulcerative eyelid lesions of a 14-year-old girl, who had cared for a clinically ill wild rat that later died. CPXV isolated from the rat (Rattus norvegicus) showed complete homology with the girl's virus. Our case is the first proven rat-to-human transmission of cowpox.

BACKGROUND The epidemiological impact of public health interventions targeted at reducing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) during early or late-stage infection depends on the contribution of these disease stages to transmission within a particular epidemic. METHODS Transmission hazards and durations of periods of high infectivity during primary, asymptomatic, and la...