Several reviews have been written on the various methods for the measurement of aldehydes in the environment [8,11,21]. These methods may be classified into two groups namely direct and indirect methods. Direct methods analyse the aldehydes during collection and therefore show great potential as the risk of sample contamination is greatly reduced. However, the cost and complexity of the instrum...

HEALTH POLITICAL BACKGROUND The comparison of the effectiveness of health technologies is not only laid down in German law (Social Code Book V, § 139 and § 35b) but also constitutes a central element of clinical guidelines and decision making in health care. Tools supporting decision making (e. g. Health Technology Assessments (HTA)) are therefore in need of a valid methodological repertoire fo...

This report compares two types of classroom testing in terms of efficacy in guiding instruction. One type of testing is the traditional indirect method based on the observation of choices. The other type is the direct method based on admissible probability measurement. The general finding is that the direct methods always perform as well as and in most cases better than the indirect methods. Th...