BACKGROUND AND AIMS Growth in trunk height in canopy openings is important for saplings. How saplings increase height growth in canopy openings may relate to crown architectural constraints. Responses of crown development to canopy openings in relation to trunk height growth were studied for saplings (0.2-2.5 m tall) of eight tropical submontane forest tree species in Indonesia. The results of ...

Increases in plant size and structural complexity with increasing age have important implications for water flow through trees. Water supply to the crown is influenced by both the cross-sectional area and the permeability of sapwood. It has been hypothesized that hydraulic conductivity within sapwood increases with age. We investigated changes in sapwood permeability (k) and anatomy with tree a...

Many database applications require effective representation of regional objects in high-dimensional spaces. By applying an original query transformation, a recently proposed access method for regional data, called the simple QSF-tree (sQSF-tree), effectively attacks the limitations of traditional spatial access methods in spaces with many dimensions. Nevertheless, sQSF-trees are not immune to a...

Bereg and Wang defined a new class of highly balanced d-ary trees which they call k-trees; these trees have the interesting property that the internal path length and thus the Wiener index can be calculated quite easily. A k-tree is characterized by the property that all levels, except for the last k levels, are completely filled. Bereg and Wang claim that the number of k-trees is exponentially...

Data streams are ubiquitous and have in the last two decades become an important research topic. For their predictive nonparametric analysis, Hoeffding-based trees are often a method of choice, offering a possibility of any-time predictions. However, one of their main problems is the delay in learning progress due to the existence of equally discriminative attributes. Options are a natural way ...

This study was carried out on olive trees cv. Amygdalifolia, to investigate the effect of spraying potassium nitrate, KnO3, and zinc sulfate, ZnSo4, on the fruit weight, dimension and volume. The plants were sprayed with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% KnO3 and 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75% ZnSO4 and their combinations in August about halfway through the fruit growth period. The highest fruit weight was observe...

We study and classify faithfully balanced modules for the algebra of triangular n by matrices more generally Nakayama algebras. The theory extends known results about tilting modules, which are classified binary trees, counted with Catalan numbers. number is a 2-factorial number. Among them n! indecomposable summands, can be interleaved trees or increasing trees.

Core-based multicast trees use less router state, but have significant drawbacks when compared to shortest-path trees, namely higher delay and poor fault tolerance. We evaluate the feasibility of using multiple independent cores within a shared multicast tree. We consider several basic designs and discuss how using multiple cores improves fault tolerance without sacrificing router state. We exa...

This paper presents a fast polynomial approximation algorithm for constructing the Steiner tree of minimum total cost (the cost of the edge (i; j) equal to the rectilinear distance between these nodes) with diierent requirements on delays along each path to destination. The exibility of the proposed algorithm permits to drive the number of Steiner nodes in the solution without increasing the tr...

Individual lodgepolepines(Pinus contorta)were fertilizedwithureaatnitrogen(N) inputs equivalent to 0, 315, or 630 kg/ha. Four months after application of the fertilizer, inner bark tissue N concentrations were signiÞcantly higher in the trees that had received the low dose (315 kg/ha) fertilization treatment than in the control trees; trees that had received the high-dose treatment (630 kg/ha) ...