The link between trade and income has received increasing attention as countries try to justify their trade-promoting policies. Recent work of Frankel and Romer (1999) examines the effect of trade on income. We explore how the estimates of the trade effect change when we relax the assumption of heteroscedasticity in the bilateral trade equation used to construct the instrument for the IV regres...

In a world where poor countries provide weak protection for intellectual property rights, market integration will systematically shift technical change in favor of rich nations. For this reason, free trade can increase international income differences. At the same time, integration with countries where intellectual property rights are weakly protected can have a large adverse effect on the worl...

International trade in soybean has been increasing exponentially over the last 30 years, stimulating agricultural expansion and intensification, primarily South America. Trade promoted by national international agencies to stimulate economic development low- middle-income countries. generated an increase GDP average income producing countries, but production is also linked negative effects on w...

In spite of the technologies developed during the last decade, the level of food loss is still high and is reported in many countries. According to the United Nations, more than 30 per cent of the mortality rate world-wide is caused by alimentary diseases. The desire of most countries to make food safer for consumption requires better food preservation and production techniques. In this regard,...

In spite of the technologies developed during the last decade, the level of food loss is still high and is reported in many countries. According to the United Nations, more than 30 per cent of the mortality rate world-wide is caused by alimentary diseases. The desire of most countries to make food safer for consumption requires better food preservation and production techniques. In this regard,...

This paper examines the extent to which foreign direct investment (FDI) affects child labor. Using 1995 data for 145 countries, we find that, contrary to common fears, FDI is negatively correlated with child labor. This effect, however, disappears when controlling for per capita income. After doing so, we find no robust effect of either FDI or international trade on child labor. This result is ...

This paper develops a general equilibrium model of international trade in homogenous intermediate inputs. In the model, trade between countries is driven by uncertainty in the delivery of inputs. Because their managers are risk-averse, final good firms contract with multiple suppliers to decrease the variability of their profits. The analysis shows that risk diversification provides an incentiv...

This paper reviews international issues in the supply of tobacco and tobacco products, including trade liberalization and globalization. The paper begins with a brief discussion of the theoretical foundations for trade and trade restrictions. This is followed by a description of the treatment of tobacco and tobacco products in recent multi-lateral, regional and bilateral trade agreements, as we...

Examining the correlation between trade and income cannot identify the direction of causation between the two. Countries’ geographic characteristics, however, have important effects on trade, and are plausibly uncorrelated with other determinants of income. This paper therefore constructs measures of the geographic component of countries’ trade, and uses those measures to obtain instrumental va...

The international community has joined together to form a world trade system based on the rule of law. Although imperfect, the world trade system contains enforceable norms designed to facilitate international economic activity. Infectious diseases pose as great a threat to the well being of nations. Yet, global health governance remains weak or nonexistent. As The Lancet Infectious Diseases ha...