The rural market was an important constituent of marketing system, and formed an un-vertical congruent relationship with urban market in late imperial China. There were different types of rural fair in the imperial China. Xu, Chang, Ji, Dian, Shi, Hui, all of them were the regular fairs. Their number was huge. They distributed widely, played a distinct role, and became the base of rural market ...

For thousands of years, the Chinese and many other nations around the world built defensive walls around their cities. This phenomenon is not well understood from an economic perspective. To rationalize the existence of city walls, we propose a simple model that relates the dimensions of city walls to a set of economic variables. Guided by this model, we conduct an empirical analysis using hand...

Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road London W12 0NN, UK e-mail: petros@imperial. ac.uk

Dominique Jean Larrey (1766-1842) was the chief surgeon in Napoleon's Imperial Guard, a dedicated doctor and soldier, a loyal subject in awe of his nation at the most ambitious moment in its imperialistic history, a devoted husband and father, and to the end of his life-a sworn devotee of his emperor, Napoleon. If Larrey was not particularly distinguished for surgical invention or theoretical m...

Abstract This research traces the evolution and transformation of metaphor “Imperial Step,” which signifies expansionist ambitions Russia’s Imperial, Soviet Post-Soviet rulers from Catherine Great to Vladimir Putin as expressed in caricatures satirical cartoons appearing predominantly Britain, France, Germany. Following chronological order, each section is devoted discussion a pertinent example...