Economic sanctions have been actively used against Iran in the last four decades. In response to sanctions, has adopted a range of survivalist policies with notable environmental implications. This study provides first extensive overview unintended impacts international economic on Iran. It is argued that while are certainly not root cause Iran’s major problems, they had an undeniable impact en...

One of the most common complications following impacted third molar surgery is alveolar osteitis (AO). Various variables affect the incidence of AO following impacted third molar extraction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of surgery difficulty on the incidence of AO after impacted mandibular third molar surgery. Patients with the age range of 18-30 years old with at lea...

The epidemiology of malaria, anaemia and malnutrition in children is potentially altered in mining development areas. In a copper extraction project in northwestern Zambia, a health impact assessment (HIA) was commissioned to predict, manage and monitor health impacts. Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted: at baseline prior to project development (2011) and at four years into development ...

Severely impacted and dilacerated incisors are rarely considered for surgical exposure because they may not respond favorably to orthodontic extrusion. These incisors are often extracted, resulting in the need for tooth replacement; however, prosthetic solutions are limited in growing patients. Transalveolar autotransplantation of an impacted incisor may be the only method to preserve the natur...

OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to retrospectively analyze 170 case series of patients with 200 impacted first and second permanent molars. STUDY DESIGN Records of 104.408 patients were retrospectively screened in this multicenter study. The chosen study population consists of 170 patients who presented with impacted or retained first and second permanent molar. All patients w...

OBJECTIVE Impacted foreign bodies in the trachea and esophagus are common. In the esophagus, these are usually bones, while for the trachea, it is commonly some form of seed or nut. The incidence of impacted dental prostheses is not highlighted in the literature. They usually have a definite history of ingestion, frequently during trauma, seizures, or sleep. Prompt management in a safe and effe...

The aim of the retrospective study was to evaluate the influence of the initial vertical position of the impacted maxillary incisor on spontaneous eruption frequency and timing after surgical removal of the supernumerary tooth. Records of 33 patients with unilateral impaction of upper central incisor caused by supernumerary teeth with the average age 9.58+/-1.54 years were analyzed. Impacted te...

For less-developed regions like the Blue Ridge Mountains, data are limited that link basin-scale land use with stream quality. Two pairs of lightly-impacted (90-100% forested) and moderately-impacted (70-80% forested) sub-basins of the upper Little Tennessee River basin in the southern Blue Ridge were identified for comparison. The pairs contain physically similar stream reaches, chosen for the...

PURPOSE A bile duct stone impacted at the duodenal papilla is an urgent condition that can rapidly lead to either suppurative cholangitis or acute pancreatitis due to almost complete obstruction of the bilio-pancreatic outflow. This study evaluated the clinical characteristics and results of endoscopic treatment for a bile duct stone impacted at the duodenal papilla. MATERIALS AND METHODS For...

Bone defects in revision hip surgery can be reconstructed with impacted morselized bone grafts. Rinsing these trabecular allografts may enhance graft incorporation by washing out immunogenic factors present in blood, marrow, and fat. However, it has been proposed that impaction of the graft releases biologically active factors, which can provide sufficient activity to stimulate new bone formati...