Thioredoxin is a ubiquitous redox control and cell stress protein. Unexpectedly, in recent years, thioredoxins have been found to exhibit both cytokine and chemokine activities, and there is increasing evidence that this class of protein plays a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. In spite of this evidence, it has been reported that the oral bacterium and periodontopathogen Actin...

Anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) is highly effective in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, it is associated with an increased risk of infections, particularly in older adults. We reviewed 349 patients with IBD, who were observed over a 12-month period, 74 of whom had received anti-TNF therapy (71 patients were aged <60 years and 3 were aged ≥60 years). All the 3 older patients deve...

Uveitis is a common association of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) that has previously been characterized by poor visual prognosis with limited options for effective treatment. Since corticosteroid treatment is not a preferred long-term option for most patients with this condition, systemic immunosuppressive therapy is frequently employed. The medical options for the treatment of JIA-associ...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease and one of the leading causes of disability in the USA. Although certain biological therapies, including protein and antibodies targeting inflammatory factors such as the tumor necrosis factor, are effective in reducing symptoms of RA, these treatments do not reverse disease. Also, although novel gene therapy approaches have shown promis...

Kidney Transplantation in children is the treatment of choice to treat end stage renal disease. Improvements in immunosuppressive management have dramatically reduced the risk of early acute rejection and graft loss, however the long term results in terms of graft survival and morbidity still require search for new immunosuppressive regimens. Reducing of side effects are the challenges for impr...

The authors describe a case of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) with recurrent neurological complications. A 24-year-old man experienced subacute bilateral visual loss. Based on the characteristic findings in funduscopy and fluorescin angiography and after the exclusion of the differential diagnoses, APMPPE was diagnosed. During the course of the disease recurr...