Effective immunization programs initiated many years ago have made tetanus a rare disease in the United States today. These programs have been so successful that in 1981 the Sixth International Conference on Tetanus (Lyon, France) proposed a goal of eliminating tetanus from the United States by 1985 and from the rest of the world by the year 2000.1 This goal has yet to be achieved. During the l...

In 2012, the World Health Assembly declared the completion of polio eradication a programmatic emergency for global public health and called for a comprehensive polio endgame strategy. Afghanistan and Pakistan are two of the three remaining countries (the other is Nigeria) where circulation of indigenous wild poliovirus (WPV) has never been interrupted. This report updates previous reports and ...

The objective of the study was to evaluate an efficacy of sows vaccination protocols in the herd with serious problems affecting efficacy of reproduction. The study was performed in a large pig herd with about 1200 sows. Before vaccination against PCV2, farrowing rate in this farm was about 65%. Sows, boar and replacement gilts were immunized using Circovac vaccine (Merial, France) according to...

BACKGROUND Seasonal influenza vaccine uptake among school-age children has been low, particularly among rural children, even in jurisdictions in Canada where this immunization is publicly funded. Providing this vaccination at school may be convenient for parents and might contribute to increased vaccine uptake, particularly among rural children. We explore the construct of convenience as an adv...

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2017 vol. 41 no. 2 © 2016 The Authors Australia is a nation of migrants with an estimated 28.1% (6.6 million people) of the resident population born overseas, of whom two-thirds were born in non-English speaking countries and a further 23% born to migrant parents.1 About 190,000 permanent migrants (skilled and family visa categories) and 14,00...

Ontario initiated a universal hepatitis B immunization program for grade seven students in the fall of 1994. An ecological study was conducted within seven health units of the Greater Toronto Area to assess vaccine coverage. The study population consisted of all grade seven students enrolled within schools in the participating health units, on October 1, 1994. There were 39,935 students enrolle...

In 2014, Brazil introduced an HPV immunization program for girls 9-13 years of age as part of the Unified Health System's (SUS) National Immunization Program. The first doses were administered in March 2014; the second ones, in September 2014. In less than 3 months more than 3 million girls received the first dose of quadrivalent HPV vaccine, surpassing the target rate of 80%. This paper examin...

A group of influenza experts from Argentina and Brazil got together to discuss the burden of influenza in children, review current vaccine coverage rates in both countries, analyze vaccine effectiveness, and discuss strategies to improve prevention. Active surveillance of respiratory viruses is carried out nationwide in both countries. Years 2014 and 2015 were mild influenza seasons; influenza ...

All Canadian provinces and territories have had routine immunization programs for one-dose varicella vaccination since 2007, a strategy that has reduced varicella disease rates dramatically. However, breakthrough cases still occur, and some cases are severe. There is increasing evidence that immunity to one dose of the vaccine can wane in a vaccinated population, and the disease may be shifting...

Using decision analysis, we estimated benefits, risks, and costs of implementing the Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination program in children aged 18 months and 6 years in Thailand. The costs for inclusion of JE vaccine into the routine immunization program at 18 months and 6 years are $2.16 and $3.68 per person, respectively. In the baseline model, the JE vaccination program will prevent 124...