The innate immune system ; is an important subsystem of the overall immune response system that comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms. The cells of the innate system recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way, but, unlike the adaptive immune system, the system does not confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host. Innate imm...

Advances in biologic psychiatry have included the discovery of numerous neurochemical, neuroendocrine, and neuroanatomic alterations in unipolar depression, some of which likely contribute to the increased vulnerability of depressed patients to CVD. These biologic changes include immune-system activation with increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, endothelial dysfunction, hypothalami...

Immunologists have wrestled with the origin of GOD for several decades. This spiritual-sounding acronym stands for “generation of diversity” and emerged in the jargon of scientists after their realization in the 1970s that the human immune system manufactures tens of millions of distinct antibodies. These elaborate, Y-shaped molecules latch onto and help destroy infectious microorganisms. Since...

MOTIVATION The recognition of antigenic peptides is a major event of an immune response. In current mesoscopic-scale simulators of the immune system, this crucial step has been modeled in a very approximated way. RESULTS We have equipped an agent-based model of the immune system with immuno-informatics methods to allow the simulation of the cardinal events of the antigenic recognition, going ...

The European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) meeting Visualizing Immune System Complexity, held in January 2009, covered multiple scales, from imaging single molecules to imaging whole animals. In addition to experimental details, there was an emphasis on modeling both for data analysis and as a predictive tool to support experimental design. Imaging technologies discussed included total ...

Many animals engage in many behaviors that reduce their exposure to pathogens. Ants line their nests with resins that inhibit the growth of fungi and bacteria (Chapuisat, Oppliger, Magliano, & Christe, 2008). Mice avoid mating with other mice that are infected with parasitic protozoa (Kavaliers & Colwell, 1995). Animals of many kinds—from physiologically primitive nematode worms to neurological...

Enhanced immune cell trafficking into the central nervous system (CNS) and disruption of the blood brain barrier are pathophysiological hallmarks of neuroinflammatory disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, recent studies suggest that the coagulation and the contact-kinin system might also be involved in MS developme...

In this paper, the immune controller, is used to control the paralleled DC-DC converters. A PID controller is first applied and its coefficient is optimized using an intelligent (PSO) algorithm. Immune controller is then added to PID controller and an immune PID controller is formed. Two methods have been suggested to determine non-linear behavior of immune controller. In the first method, an e...

Background: Ageing and physical inactivity can negatively affect immune system. On the contrary, a healthy lifestyle and physical activity can improve immune system and prevent from mild inflammatory diseases. Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) can play an important role in the regulation of immune function and inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of theraband ...