willow leaf beetle, plagiodera versicolora is an important pest of willow trees that feeds on the leaves both as larvae and as adults. -amylases (ec 3.2.1.1) are the major insect digestive enzymes that catalyze the endohydrolysis of long -1,4-glucan chains such as starch and glycogen. in the current study, -amylase activity was studied in the midgut of larvae and adults of p. versicolora. am...

c-di-AMP is an important bacterial second messenger found in Gram-positive and mycobacteria. c-di-AMP regulates myriads of processes in bacteria as well as immune response in higher organisms so interest in small molecules that would attenuate the activity of c-di-AMP metabolism enzymes is high. Herein, we report the first small molecule inhibitor of a c-di-AMP synthase, DisA, using a coralyne-...

Clinical observations and literature review both affirm the conviction that systemic enzyme support with Wobenzym N or Wobenzym PS is an essential component for successful management of inflammation disorders and other conditions with immune system dysregulation due to its high degree of clinical efficacy. In addition to improving clinical outcomes in conditions with overt inflammation, such as...

Ubiquitination is now accepted as an important process for regulating intracellular signalling and the realization that many known signalling molecules exhibit E3 ligase activity has led to great strides in our understanding of how these pathways are regulated. However, as most of the de-ubiquitinating enzymes have as yet no identified substrate, little is known about their potential role in th...

Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a major component of the bacterial cell envelope in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These muropeptides can be produced or modified by the activity of bacterial glycolytic and peptidolytic enzymes referred to as PGN hydrolases and autolysins. Some of these bacterial enzymes are crucial for bacterial pathogenicity and have been shown to modulate muropeptide r...

Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy is a subtype of immune-mediated associated with or without statin use. Statins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are the most prescribed medications for dyslipidemia. The statin-associated myopathic syndromes range from asymptomatic elevations in creatine kinase to severe debilitating muscle weakness rhabdomyolysis and elevated liver enzymes. Clinical improveme...

background: the major problem of dna vaccine is less immunogenicity of them verses other killed or live whole organism vaccines therefore adjuvants for use in this kind vaccines is very necessary. genetic adjuvants with bacterial sources are an appropriate approach to modulate immune responses to dna vaccines. listeria monocytogenes proteins such as listeriolysin o (llo) with cd4 and cd8 epitop...