Immune cells hold enormous potential to specifically target and kill cancer cells. Yet, tumors have evolved inactivate T evade the immune system. cell cytotoxicity is regulated by various stimulatory inhibitory signals in order balance inflammation with tolerance. Immunotherapy has found these represent unique targets potentiate a tumor context. Besides signals, cellular metabolism represents a...

We reanalyze some of the data used by Klots to establish an experimental basis for the claim by Gspann that clusters have a highest temperature in molecular beams. The value of this temperature is given by the evaporative activation energy and a dimensionless parameter, called the Gspann parameter. The value of the Gspann parameter we derive from the data is higher than the value found by Klots...

Immune system functioning and maintenance entails costs which may limit investment into other processes such as reproduction. Yet, the proximate mechanisms and 'currencies' mediating the costs of immune responses remain elusive. In vertebrates, up-regulation of the innate immune system is associated with rapid phagocytic production of pro-oxidant molecules (so-called 'oxidative burst' responses...

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a clinical condition in the neonate, resulting from oxygen deprivation around the time of birth. HIE affects 1-5/1000 live births worldwide and is associated with the development of neurological deficits, including cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and cognitive disabilities. Even though the brain is considered as an immune-privileged site, it has innate and ada...

Copyright © 2011 Theresa L. Whiteside et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Immunotherapy for cancer is based on the concept of inducing the generation and expansion of immune cells that can attack and eliminate c...

Neurotransmitters and hormones regulate major immune functions, including the selection of T helper (Th)1 or Th2 cytokine responses, related to cell-mediated and humoral immunity, respectively. A role of imbalance and dynamic switching of Th1/Th2 system has been proposed, with relative displacement of the immune reserve in relation to complex interaction between Th1/Th2 and neuro-hormonal balan...

WHEN AN ANTIVIRAL IMMUNE RESPONSE IS GENERATED, A BALANCE MUST BE REACHED BETWEEN TWO OPPOSING PATHWAYS: the production of proinflammatory and cytotoxic effectors that drive a robust antiviral immune response to control the infection and regulators that function to limit or blunt an excessive immune response to minimize immune-mediated pathology and repair tissue damage. Myeloid cells, includin...