Calcinosis cutis is a term used to describe a group of disorders in which calcium deposits form in the skin and classified as metastatic, dystrophic, idiopathic and iatrogenic. The present case has calcinosis cutis with features of Raynaud’s phenomenon, oesophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia (CREST syndrome) the patients with CREST syndrome often have better prognosis than di...

PURPOSE To evaluate the incidence and characteristics of iatrogenic retinal breaks in 20-gauge macular surgery with an intensified search strategy. DESIGN Retrospective, non-comparative interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS 218 consecutive operations in 209 patients who underwent 20-gauge vitrectomy vitrectomy for idiopathic macular pucker or idiopathic macular hole. METHODS Retrospect...

PURPOSE To evaluate the vitreoretinal relationship in eyes with idiopathic macular disorders putatively caused by vitreomacular traction associated with early stages of age-related posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). METHODS Retrospective observational case series of 43 eyes of 40 patients diagnosed with one of several idiopathic vitreomacular conditions. Included patients had no biomicrosco...

Epiretinal membrane is avascular fibrous tissue which is adhered to the internal layers of retina in the macular area. Patient may be asymptomatic or present with blurring of vision and metamorphopsia. The idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane is more often seen in elderly but it could be present in young patients in association with other vitreo-retinal diseases and following intraocular surgery. The...

Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis is a rare disease that was first described by Heidingsfeld in 1918. It is characterized by an idiopathic, non-inflammatory macular atrophy that typically occurs on the face in young individuals. Despite its association with some diseases, the etiopathogenesis of this entity remains unknown. After consideration of the differential diagnosis criteria for idio...

BACKGROUND The treatment of idiopathic full-thickness macular holes involves surgery to close the hole. Some surgeons advise patients to adopt a face-down position to increase the likelihood of successful macular hole closure. However, patients often find the face-down positioning arduous. There is a lack of conclusive evidence that face-down positioning improves the outcome. The 'Positioning I...