Since the braid group was discovered by E. Artin [1], the question of its conjugacy problem is open. Although different approaches and advances where made, still the solution is difficult to compute with a computer, since the number of operations needed is extremely large. Meanwhile, random algorithms used to solve difficult problems such as primarity of a number had been developed, and the ran...

Smartphones and tablets are rapidly become indispensable in every day activities. Android has become the most popular operating system for mobile environments in the world. These devices, owing to the open nature of Android, are continuously exposed to attacks, mostly to data exfiltration and monetary fraud. There are many techniques to embed the bad code, i.e. the instructions able to perform ...

Reinforcement learning is an efficient method for solving Markov Decision Processes that an agent improves its performance by using scalar reward values with higher capability of reactive and adaptive behaviors. Q-learning is a representative reinforcement learning method which is guaranteed to obtain an optimal policy but needs numerous trials to achieve it. k-Certainty Exploration Learning Sy...

The amount of unwanted network traffic on the Internet is constantly increasing and it seems that currently there are no methods to identify and filter out such traffic. Before a solution can be proposed, it must be understood why such problem exists. Unwanted network traffic is caused simply because there is profit behind it and currently there is not a real way to catch miscreants who abuse t...

Eukaryotic genomic DNA is combined with histones, nonhistone proteins, and RNA to form chromatin, which is extensively packaged hierarchically to fit inside a cell's nucleus. The nucleosome-comprising a histone octamer with 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around it-is the initial level and the repeating unit of chromatin packaging, which electron microscopy first made visible to the human eye as ...

Motivation: Univariate testing procedures remain the most common way to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Univariate techniques suffer from the multiple comparison problem and reduced power, because they fail to account for gene interaction. Motivated by these issues, we adopt a multivariate procedure. Namely, we utilize the sup-norm test, which was specifically developed for high...

The widespread use of on-line publishing of text promotes storage of multiple versions of documents and mirroring of documents in multiple locations, and greatly simplifies the task of plagiarizing the work of others. We evaluate two families of methods for searching a collection to find documents that are coderivative, that is, are versions or plagiarisms of each other. The first, the ranking ...

Introduction Many countries have committed to conserving significant amounts of their native biodiversity (McNeely et al. 1990). Biodiversity includes the diversity of ecosystems and the diversity between and within species. Establishing reserve systems dedicated to nature conservation is the cornerstone of most national, regional and state conservation strategies (Soulé 1991). In this chapter,...

Only extremely large rates are flagged, not extremely small ones, because only large values will have a major influence on statistics involving pounds of pesticide use. What value to use for the maximum rate in each criterion is somewhat arbitrary; the value determines how conservative one wants to be. We chose maximum rates to be close to what were considered obvious outliers by a group of sci...