The purpose of the study was to evaluate occurrence and range refractive errors in dogs different ages. A total 99 clinically healthy, mixed-breed mesocephalic were included divided into three age groups according current human/pet analogy chart: 40 adults (23 males, 17 females, 1–8 years old, 3–70 kg), 21 seniors (14 7 6–11 7–42 38 geriatrics (22 males, 16 8–13 5–45 kg). A...

Sudden changes in refraction are well recognised feature of hyperglycaemia. A tendency towards myopia has always been associated with elevations in blood glucose. Twelve diabetic patients were found to have experienced such refractive changes. Review of their records demonstrates that hyperglycaemia produces hyperopia. A theoretical mechanism for this phenomenon is discussed.

Background: Uncorrected refractive errors (URE) present an enormous burden on children in Kenya. The study investigated factors associated with URE school-going adolescents Kakamega County, Material and methods: An observational, cross-sectional multistage sampling was conducted randomly selected secondary school students forms one to four. Comprehensive clinical examinations by optometrists we...

Animal studies show that the rate of recovery from experimentally induced refractive errors is related to the level of ametropia induced. The present study examined the rate of emmetropisation occurring in a sample of 22 human infants refracted by near retinoscopy during the first six months of life and then again between 12 and 17 months old. None of the subjects were myopic. Regression analys...

PURPOSE To report the clinical features of a rare case of hypotropic dissociated vertical deviation (DVD). CASE REPORT A 25-year-old female was referred with unilateral esotropia, hypotropia and slow variable downward drift in her left eye. She had history of esotropia since she had been 3-4 months of age. Best corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in her right eye and 20/40 in the left one when ...