Primary amenorrhoea is most commonly caused by constitutional delay or genetic or structural factors. However, any cause of secondary amenorrhoea can also present before menarche and lead to primary amenorrhoea. This review addresses the path of normal puberty and the causes and appropriate investigations and treatments of primary amenorrhoea in a systematic manner. The importance of considerin...

OBJECTIVE To describe a new FOXL2 gene mutation in a woman with sporadic blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. DESIGN Case report. SETTING University medical center. PATIENT(S) A 28-year-old woman. INTERVENTION(S) Clinical evaluation, hormone assays, gene mutation research. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) FOXL2 gene mutation. RESULT(...

We used mice with targeted deletion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 α-hydroxylase [1α(OH)ase(-/-)] to investigate whether 1,25(OH)2D3 deficiency results in male infertility mediated by 1,25(OH)2D3 or extracellular calcium and phosphorus. Male 1α(OH)ase(-/-) and their wild-type littermates fed either a normal diet or a rescue diet from weaning were mated at 6-14 wk of age with female wild-type mice on ...

BACKGROUND Primary care physicians are frequently faced with the challenge of evaluating primary amenorrhea in adolescent girls. Approximately 15% of these women have abnormal genital examination, with Müllerian agenesis being the second most frequent cause. We report two cases of adolescents with Müllerian agenesis that presented to a tertiary adolescent medicine center with primary amenorrhea...

The hypothalamic hormone kisspeptin (metastin) regulates human reproduction by modulating gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. Kisspeptin is detected in peripheral blood, although GnRH is not. In this study, we measured plasma kisspeptin levels in four male cases with hypogonadism and seven normal male controls using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to elucidate the clinical implications of...

Hypotheses: Values of serum markers related to bone quality are abnormal in young female ballet dancers. Methods: In 13 elite Japanese female ballet dancers (average age, 22 years), markers related to bone quality were investigated. These included: serum homocystein (HC), a marker of increased oxidative stress; pentosidine (Pent), a marker of glycationor oxidation-induced non-enzymatic cross-li...

Individuals under chronic psychological stress can be difficult to identify clinically. There is often no outwardly visible phenotype. Chronic stress of sufficient magnitude not only impacts reproductive function, but also concomitantly elicits a constellation of neuroendocrine changes that may accelerate aging in general and brain aging in particular. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea, a phen...

BACKGROUND The majority of women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer have an excellent long-term prognosis, but many will undergo temporary or permanent chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea. METHODS While breast cancer is more common in older women, about 1 in 200 women under the age of 40 is at risk to develop breast cancer. Many of these women benefit from chemotherapy but are afraid to ris...

Objective: To Assess the Level of Knowledge Breastfeeding Mothers About Lactation Amenorrhea Method (LAM).Methods: Description research with a population 75 respondents and sampling all breastfeeding mothers. The data analysis used is univariate analysis.Results: Most were aged between 26-35 years (73.3%), more than half them had their last education at upper secondary level (50.7%), most unemp...