This chapter argues that the notion of identity of and reference to entities (objects, individuals, instances) is fundamental in order to achieve semantic interoperability and integration between different sources of knowledge. The first step in order to integrate different information sources about an entity is to recognize that those sources describe the same entity. Unfortunately, different ...

the mystical knowledge that ‘ayn al-qud?t propounds does not seem much different from other mystic’s point of view, but it might have been for the first time presented in a compiled form by him. hence, the fundamental question in this research is: what is mystical knowledge in ‘ayn al-qud?t’s point of view and how this mystical knowledge is discerned from scientific knowledge? how can we find i...

Since their discovery in the 1950s interferons have been the scope of investigation in many diseases as therapeutic as well as pathogenetic factors. We know they have immune stimulatory and immune regulatory effects. This apparently counter-intuitive mechanism can be summarized as immunomodulatory action and seems to be very effective in a number of ocular inflammatory diseases. We review the c...

In essence, the virtual physiological human (VPH) is a multiscale representation of human physiology spanning from the molecular level via cellular processes and multicellular organization of tissues to complex organ function. The different scales of the VPH deal with different entities, relationships and processes, and in consequence the models used to describe and simulate biological function...

In human-computer interaction, information is most commonly conveyed from computer to user by being shown on a VDU or other kind of visual display. By seeing and interpreting what is shown on the display, users come to know things both about the objects on the display and about other entities those objects depict. From a formal point of view, how does this process “work”? This paper presents a ...

This thesis is focused on building knowledge bases (KBs) for scientific domains. Specifically, we create structured representations of technical-domain information using unsupervised or semi supervised learning methods. This work is inspired by recent advances in knowledge base construction based on Web text. However, in the technical domains we consider here, we have grounded data about the ob...

While some web search users know exactly what they are looking for, others are willing to explore other topics related to an initial interest. Often, the user’s initial interest can be uniquely linked to an entity in a knowledge base, and in this case it is natural to recommend the explicitly linked entities for further exploration. In real world knowledge bases, however, the number of linked e...