Estrogen is an active neuroprotectant and is presently investigated as a potential therapy against Alzheimer's disease for women. To determine if male hormones could also be neuroprotective, we investigated the effect of testosterone, methyltestosterone, and epitestosterone at physiological concentrations on primary cultures of human neurons induced to undergo apoptosis by serum deprivation. Se...

Consistent with both the development of the normal prostate gland and prostate tumorigenesis being dependent on testicular androgens, targeting the androgen-signaling axis (i.e., androgen ablation therapy) remains the predominant treatment regime for patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Although there is a very good initial response to androgen ablation, these treatments are essentially pa...

The distribution of the androgen receptor (AR) in archival human testes was determined immunocytochemically using an affinity-purified peptide-specific rabbit antibody, PG21, and employing a modified biotin-streptavidin-immunoperoxidase method that incorporated a biotin amplification step. In combination with microwave epitope retrieval, the biotin amplification step increased the sensitivity o...

Prostate cancer cells depend on androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) for survival. However, after androgen ablation therapy, tumors relapse to an androgen-refractory state. To determine whether the androgen receptor is critical for proliferation of androgen-refractory prostate cancer cells, we disrupted the activity of the androgen receptor with an antibody and an AR mRNA hammerhead ribozym...

Kinases can phosphorylate and regulate androgen receptor activity during prostate cancer progression. In particular, we showed that glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta phosphorylates the androgen receptor, thereby inhibiting androgen receptor-driven transcription. Conversely, the glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta inhibitor lithium chloride suppressed the glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta-mediated phosp...

PURPOSE Prostate cancer that recurs during androgen deprivation therapy is referred to as androgen-independent. High levels of expression of androgen receptor and androgen receptor-regulated genes in recurrent prostate cancer suggest a role for androgen receptor and its ligands in prostate cancer recurrence. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Recurrent prostate cancer specimens from 22 men whose prostate ca...

A procedure was developed for measurement of androgen receptors in cytoplasmic extracts of prostates from intact dogs. The protocol utilized exchange saturation analysis at 15 degrees C employing the synthetic androgen R1881 (17beta-hydroxy-17alpha-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one) as the ligand probe and quantitatively detected total cytoplasmic androgen receptor (R(c), androgen-free receptor, a...

background: the sertoli cells in the testis create unique and safe environment to protect seminiferous tubules from auto antigens and invading pathogens. these cells produce the survival factor of the blood-testis barrier and produce special materials such as androgen binding proteins and contribute to the coordinated action of spermatogenesis. given that the sertoli cells play an essential rol...

Video-based human activity recognition (HAR) means the analysis of motions and behaviors of human from the low level sensors. Over the last decade, automatic HAR is an exigent research area and is considered a significant concern in the field of computer vision and pattern recognition. In this paper, we have presented a robust and an accurate activity recognition system called WS-HAR that consi...