embryogenesis. We extended this analysis to other Hox-Exd, or Hox-Hox interactions, revealing specific spatial and temporal dynamics during embryogenesis. Altogether, these results show that the BiFC is a highly sensitive method for analysing protein– protein interactions in the living drosophila embryo. Based on the BiFC approach, we established two genetic strategies to find novel cofactors o...

The Strongylocentrotus purpuratus genome contains a single ten-gene Hox complex >0.5 megabase in length. This complex was isolated on overlapping bacterial artificial chromosome and P1 artificial chromosome genomic recombinants by using probes for individual genes and by genomic walking. Echinoderm Hox genes of Paralog Groups (PG) 1 and 2 are reported. The cluster includes genes representing al...

By use of in situ hybridization experiments on mouse embryo sections, we compare the transcript patterns of three homeo-genes from the Hox-1.4 subfamily (Hox-1.4, -2.6 and -5.1). Genes within a subfamily are true homologues, present in the genome as a result of duplication of an ancestral homeo-gene cluster. We show that Hox-1.4, -2.6 and -5.1 are similar, although apparently not identical, in ...

Nitrous acid (HONO) is an important radical precursor that can impact secondary pollutant levels, especially in urban environments. Due to uncertainties its heterogeneous formation mechanisms, models often under predict HONO concentrations. A number of sources at the ground have been proposed but there no consensus about which play a significant role boundary layer. We present new one-dimension...

The motor neurons of the hindbrain are segmentally organised and they display subtype variation along the anteroposterior (AP) axis. They represent an attractive system in which to study patterning along the anteroposterior neural axis (Lumsden and Krumlauf, 1996). Initially each of the hindbrain segments, or rhombomeres, contains a similar basic composition of neural precursors (Clarke and Lum...

The homeobox family and its subset of HOX gene products represent a family of transcription factors directing DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions. In the embryo, they are central regulators in cell differentiation during morphogenesis. A series of genes of the four HOX gene clusters A, B, C, and D were reported to show aberrant expressions in oncogenesis, particularly in cutaneous mali...

embryogenesis. We extended this analysis to other Hox-Exd, or Hox-Hox interactions, revealing specific spatial and temporal dynamics during embryogenesis. Altogether, these results show that the BiFC is a highly sensitive method for analysing protein– protein interactions in the living drosophila embryo. Based on the BiFC approach, we established two genetic strategies to find novel cofactors o...

The homeobox (HOX) genes are a large family of regulator genes involved in the control of developmental processes and cell differentiation. The HOX genes encode transcription factors, and an increasing number of studies have shown that these genes may be implicated in the growth and the progression of many types of tumours. The present study investigated the expression of the HOX and integrin g...

We describe the Hox cluster in the radially symmetric sea urchin and compare our findings to what is known from clusters in bilaterally symmetric animals. Several Hox genes from the direct-developing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma are described. CHEF gel analysis shows that the Hox genes are clustered on a < or = 300 kilobase (kb) fragment of DNA, and only a single cluster is present, as...

Hox genes are localised in complexes, encode conserved homeodomain transcription factors and have mostly been studied for their specialised functions: the formation of distinct structures along the anteroposterior axis. They probably derived via duplication followed by divergence, from a unique gene, suggesting that Hox genes may have retained a common function. The comparison of their homeodom...