We present a new perspective for the role of Termitomyces fungi in the mutualism with fungus-growing termites. According to the predominant view, this mutualism is as an example of agriculture with termites as farmers of a domesticated fungus crop, which is used for degradation of plant-material and production of fungal biomass. However, a detailed study of the literature indicates that the ter...

conclusions it is concluded that cryptosporidium spp. should be considered in immunocompromised diarrheal patients and elisa must be chosen for detection of this parasite. modified acid fast staining and cassette kit techniques could be performed if elisa is not available. the single use of the cassette kit will be inadequate for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. background cryptosporidiosis ...

fauna of the aphidiinae (hymenoptera: braconidae) of iran is reviewed and the data on their host aphid associations are summarized. seventy-eight species belonging to 17 genera of aphidiinae are listed in the associations with 193 aphid species. a total of 491 parasitoid-aphid associations are presented. the distribution of the aphidiinae species in different parts of iran and other countries i...

chromatomyia horticola (goureau) (diptera: agromyzidae) is a highly polyphagous leaf miner that causes severe damage to different crops. sampling on the alysiinae (braconidae) parasitoids of c. horticola was performed at various locations of kermanshah province during 2009–2010. infested leaves of host plants bearing the larvae and puparia of c. horticola were collected and placed inside the pl...

Obligate intracellular Chlamydia trachomatis replicate in a membrane-bound vacuole called inclusion, which serves as a signaling interface with the host cell. Here, we show that the chlamydial deubiquitinating enzyme (Cdu) 1 localizes in the inclusion membrane and faces the cytosol with the active deubiquitinating enzyme domain. The structure of this domain revealed high similarity to mammalian...

The kinetics and thermodynamics of the threading and dethreading process of polymers through the cavity of a synthetic toroidal host is investigated by studying its complexation with a series of end-functionalized polymers of different lengths containing an end group that is selectively recognized by the host. The system is designed in such a way that complexation is only observed if the host h...

Silver photodiffusion in thin Ge30Se70 films is investigated in order to understand the structure forming in the Ge-Se host after introduction of Ag in it. Optical micrographs point towards formation of homogeneous films after deposition of the Ge-Se material on glass substrate. This structure changes and occurrence of heterogeneous regions is imaged after Ag is introduced into the Ge-Se host. ...

Scelionid egg parasitoids can obtain reliable information on the presence of host eggs by discriminating host gender on the basis of chemical footprints of their co-evolved hosts, with a strong preference for the footprint left by host females. Based on the concept of dietary specialization and infochemical use in natural enemies, it could be predicted that host gender discrimination in special...

BACKGROUND Unlike the well-studied backer yeast where catabolite repression represents a burden for mixed substrate fermentation, Yarrowia lipolytica, an oleaginous yeast, is recognized for its potential to produce single cell oils and citric acid from different feedstocks. These versatilities of Y. lipolytica with regards to substrate utilization make it an attractive host for biorefinery appl...