In previous centuries adolescent pregnancy was normal but in developed countries in 20th century teenage mothers are common [1]. According to the definition of WHO Adolescent pregnancy can be defined as pregnancy in between the age of 15 to 19 years of age [2]. Early marriage, lack of knowledge of contraceptive methods , drug abuse, adverse childhood environment are the leading causes of early ...

Aims: As the utero-placental circulation have major impact on the fetus, and the placental function can be critical for determining fetal conditions, the placental oxygenation status was investigated. Methods: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive technique used for the evaluation of regional tissue oxygenation in a number of organs. The trans-abdominal NIRS was developed as a non...

Morbidly adherent placentation (MAP) is a condition in which the placenta is abnormally attached to the uterine myometrium. MAP is a complication of pregnancy that can cause significant morbidity to the mother and fetus and therefore early diagnosis is crucial in its management and prevention of adverse outcomes. Ultrasonography remains the primary diagnostic tool for MAP, with magnetic resonan...

The problem Unfortunately there are too many examples in obstetrics of very important conditions for which there is no consensus of professional opinion about definition, diagnosis, risks, and above all, management. Preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes (PPROM) is such a case. The best, most widely used, and simplest definition of PPROM is membrane rupture occurring before the onset of reg...

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 97 NUTRIENT TRANSPORT BY PLACENTA .................................................... 99 Maternal Blood Flow and the Transport of Gases and Water ............................ 99 Glucose ............................................................................................. 100 Amino Acids ....

Developmental programming of the fetus is a phenomenon that has profound implications for the health of individuals and societies. The term describes the process by which gene expression in the fetus is influenced by the intrauterine environment, such that the structure of major organs and the homoeostatic points of metabolic and endocrine systems are set for life. Through this mechanism, pertu...

The successful outcome of pregnancy in a 25year-old woman with congenital afibrinogenaemia is discussed. She had been found to have afibrinogenaemia soon after birth, following investigation for severe bleeding from her cord stump. She frequently suffered with severe bruising, heavy menstruation and excessive blceding after dental treatment. She had had an avcrage of two to three fibrinogen tra...

It is postulated that inadequate remodeling of the uterine spiral arteries in preeclampsia leads to focal ischemia and generation of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) and interleukins (ILs), by the placenta. Our objective was to compare TNF alpha, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 levels in placentas from patients with preeclampsia and normal term pregnancies. Beca...

Preterm labour continues to be a major contributor to neonatal and infant morbidity. Recent data from the USA indicate that the number of preterm deliveries (including those associated with preterm labour) has risen in the last 20 years by 30%. This increase is despite considerable efforts to introduce new therapies for the prevention and treatment of preterm labour and highlights the need to a...

Preeclampsia is a unique pregnancy-related disease that affects 5-7% pregnancies worldwide. Placental architecture is modified in PE and eclampsia. Placental morphology and cellular arrangement are important for oxygen delivery from the mother to the fetus. Fetal growth and well-being after 20 weeks of gestation are dependent upon successful placental development. This, in turn, is achieved by ...