It has been suggested that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the "essence of phylogeny." In contrast, much data suggest that this is an exaggeration resulting in part from a reliance on inadequate methods to identify HGT events. In addition, the assumption that HGT is a ubiquitous influence throughout evolution is questionable. Instead, rampant global HGT is likely to have been relevant only to...

Purpose. Perform numerical analysis of the station structure. Take into account in process mathematical modeling construction tunnels a three-vaulted station. Obtain regularities stress-strain state linings, which is influenced by processes soil excavation and lining construction. Methodology. To achieve this goal, series calculations models deep contour interval metro pylon was performed. Thre...

Thin film Ni-Cu diffusion couples (individual layer thicknesses: 50 nm) were prepared by direct-current magnetron sputtering on silicon substrates. Interdiffusion and solid-solution formation, the associated changes of microstructure and the evolution of mechanical stresses of the Ni-Cu diffusion couples during thermal treatments were investigated employing ex-situ X-ray diffraction phase and t...

Many bacterial and archaeal lineages have a history of extensive and ongoing horizontal gene transfer and loss, as evidenced by the large differences in genome content even among otherwise closely related isolates. How ecologically cohesive populations might evolve and be maintained under such conditions of rapid gene turnover has remained controversial. Here we synthesize recent literature dem...

There is an error in the Materials and Methods section of this paper. Section 6, “Identification of Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) -derived Genes in Foc1 and Foc4,” should not appear. In addition, Lijia Guo is incorrectly designated as the corresponding author. The correct corresponding authors are: Junsheng Huang ([email protected]), Ming Peng ([email protected]), and Xiaodong Fang (fangxd@g...

Genetic control programs for scrapie in sheep build on solid knowledge of how susceptibility to scrapie is modulated by the prion protein genotype at the level of an individual sheep. In order to satisfactorily analyze the effectivity of control programs at the population level, insight is needed at the flock level, i.e., how the grouping of sheep in flocks affects the population-level transmis...

applications of thermoplastic composites have developed extensively. the thermoplastic composites in comparison with the thermoset composites have many advantages. thermoplastic composites can be melted and remolded many times. the duration of manufacturing process of these composites is short, producing very tough material, and the welding ability and multiple recyclings are their further adva...

Abstract In the process of pressure‐relief mining in high gas coal seams and hydraulic fracturing deep coalbed methane, a large number irregular fractures are generated inside coal, which becomes main path for migration. The stress sensitivity directly affects migration characteristics coal. For better matching stress‐permeability test results, fluid–solid coupling simulation method with joint ...

Hexagrid structural system is an innovated system with structural behavior which is similar to a tubular system. In this paper, a numerical study is conducted to estimate the seismic performance of horizontal hexagrid concerning the combined horizontal and vertical hexagrid, tubular and diagrid structural systems. First 30 and 50 story buildings are modeled using ETABS, then pushover and nonlin...

This paper describes the results of three-dimensional (3D) finite element analyses investigating installation effects groups stone columns in purely cohesive soils. Installation is simplified to insertion rigid cylindrical elements with conical tips a single homogeneous soil layer (Tresca plasticity and quasi-incompressible elastic law). column simulated as reference case installations two grou...