Coal contains many potentially harmful trace elements. Coal combustion in 22 unvented stoves, which is common in most parts of rural China, can release harmful emissions 23 into the air that when inhaled cause health issues. However, few studies have dealt specifically 24 with the toxicological mechanisms of the particulate matter (PM) released by coal and other 25 solid fuel combustion. In thi...

The known equivalence of the honeycomb eight-vertex model with an Ising model in a non-zero magnetic field is derived via a direct mapping. Compared with a previous derivation which uses the generalised weak-graph transformation, the new method is simpler and more direct, and can be extended to other considerations. The eight-vertex model on the honeycomb lattice is a general lattice model play...

We developed a mathematical model and an algorithm for numerical treatment of a model of honeycomb construction in a beehive. The model contains essential features of the bee-bee and bee-wax interactions, and in a qualitative way captures the dynamics of parallel comb construction. The construction is represented by a set of dynamical coupled partial differential equations for the density of be...

We present a simple mathematical model and numerical simulations of the hexagonal pattern formation of a honeycomb using the immersed boundary method. In our model, we assume that the cells have a circular shape at their birth and there is force acting upon the entire circumference of the cell. The net force from the individual cells is a key factor in their transformation from a circular shape...

Highway and roadside safety features are crash tested for compliance with certain safety criteria. US Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) uses a surrogate reusable test vehicle, Bogie, to conduct crash tests of roadside safety features. Bogie is intended to replace an impacting vehicle in order to reduce the cost of the test. Bogie can be configured with different crushable impact noses repre...