The rapid Arab-Islamic conquest during the early Middle Ages led to major political and cultural changes in the Mediterranean world. Although the early medieval Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula is now well documented, based in the evaluation of archeological and historical sources, the Muslim expansion in the area north of the Pyrenees has only been documented so far through textual sou...

Plurality is an undeniable fact in Indonesia. This plurality can have good and bad impacts, such as social disunity or capital for nation-building. The natural source of this dispute cannot be separated from the domination values partial truth claims by each group, although various practical interests serve catalysts. purpose study was to analyze provide interpretation development students' rel...

though muslims have been living in nepal from the 15th century, they have started practicingtheir religious activities freely only after enactment of new civil code in 1963. this paper aims to explore the potentials and problems on the existing mosques, perception of the religious structures by muslim community and analysing of existing legal and institutional framework before drawing a conclus...

This article examines the early foundations of strategic culture Pakistan Army. By exploring impact partition British India in 1947 and First Kashmir War 1947–48, identifies pivotal factors development Pakistan. In also examining Pakistani fears a “vengeful” Hindu persistence belief discredited martial race theories as well idea Muslim military exceptionalism, concludes that foundation this rem...

Research provides economic analysis and policy advice with the aim of promoting sustainable and equitable development. The Institute began operations in 1985 in Helsinki, Finland, as the first research and training centre of the United Nations University. Today it is a unique blend of think tank, research institute, and UN agency—providing a range of services from policy advice to governments a...