Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza have occurred and have been studied in a variety of ecological systems. However, differences in the spatial resolution, geographical extent, units of analysis and risk factors examined in these studies prevent their quantitative comparison. This study aimed to develop a high-resolution, comparative study of a common set of agro-environmental determ...

Our review recognizes 15 species of the integripennis species group of Geocharidius from Nuclear Central America, include three species previously described (Geocharidiusgimlii Erwin, Geocharidiusintegripennis (Bates) and Geocharidiuszullinii Vigna Taglianti) and 12 described here as new. They are: Geocharidiusandersoni sp. n. (type locality: Chiapas, Chiapas Highlands, Cerro Huitepec) and Geoc...

Introduction: The martian highlands preserve a long and complex history of degradation by fluvial, eolian, and mass wasting processes [1-8]. The effects of these processes are best observed on impact craters that characterize the ancient highlands. Previous studies of highland terrains Margaritifer Sinus [9,10], Ismenius Lacus [11,12], Arabia Terra [13], and Promethei Terra [14,15] have shown t...

Iran has mountainous landscapes and half of its surface is occupied by highlands. Moreover, Iran is an arid country and deserts are located at lower altitudes. Most metropolitan areas are positioned in mid-altitudes between mountain and desert. Cities grow upwardly toward the highlands under pressures of urbanization and desertification. Foothill ecotones are a zone between upland mountains and...

Since the nineteenth century two distinct domestic architectural traditions in the Scottish Highlands have been interpreted in Britain as representative of Highland and Scottish identity. But Scotland's positive national identification with both the indigenous turf-walled and thatched Highland blackhouse and the imposed white, regular forms of the eighteenth-century " improved cottage " and far...

Understanding the basic runoff processes in the Ethiopian highlands is vital for effective management and utilization of water resources and soil conservation planning. An important question for judging effectiveness of conservation practices is whether runoff is affected by ecology (mainly type of crop) or topography (landscape). A study was conducted in the 113 ha watershed of Maybar, located...

Different malarial situations in Africa within the past 40 years are discussed in order to evaluate the impact of climatic and human factors on the disease. North of the equator, more droughts and lower rainfall have been recorded since 1972; and in eastern and southern Africa, there have been alternating dry and wet periods in relation to El Niño. Since 1955, the increase in human population f...

No topic in K'iche'an archaeology and ethnohistory has been the subject of more speculation than the source and timing of central Mexican influence in the central and western highlands of Guatemala. Evidence for an important connection between the two regions is undeniable, and is manifest in indigenous historical accounts such as the Papal Wuj (Brasseur de Bourbourg 1861; Saravia E. and Guarch...

Hypoxia is one of the most important factors affecting survival at high altitude, and the major hemoglobin protein is a likely target of selection. We compared population genetic structure in the alphaA and betaA hemoglobin subunits (HBA2 and HBB) of five paired lowland and highland populations of Andean dabbling ducks to unlinked reference loci. In the hemoglobin genes, parallel amino acid rep...

Abstract Landslide is one of the common natural disasters experience in central highlands Sri Lanka. Even though landslide risk predominates highlands, urbanization has been increasing within last three to four decades this region. This study focused classify hazard Hantana mountain and its vicinity Kandy district which belong highlands. Initially a base map area was prepared using 1:10,000 top...