Herpesviruses exist in two states, latency and a lytic productive cycle. Here we identify an immediate-early gene encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)/human herpesvirus eight (HHV8) that activates lytic cycle gene expression from the latent viral genome. The gene is a homologue of Rta, a transcriptional activator encoded by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). KSHV/Rta activated KSHV ...

PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) immunoreactivity is high in malignancy. (Also ki67 antibodies) and thus provides a useful diagnostic tool. Ki67 has prognostic significance in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma. Bcl 2 and apoptotic index are good prognostic markers. Bax is proapoptotic (in salivary neoplasms there is decreased Bcl 2 and increased Bax leading to increased apoptosis ) Cytokeratin ...

Cutaneous horn is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal keratinized material and may occur in association with a variety of benign, premalignant, and malignant cutaneous lesions. Cutaneous horn occurs very rarely in association with soft-tissue neoplasias. A cutaneous horn located on the toe was completely removed by excision in a 78-year-old male patient. Macroscopic examination reveal...

Plasma Cell Granuloma (PCG) is the most common lung tumor in children, usually presenting with respiratory symptoms such as cough, fever, chest pain and dyspnea. It can be confused with pneumonia or fungal infection and is difficult to be diagnosed without surgical biopsy. The etiology is unknown, but some reports consider infectious agents as a trigger including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Hu...

Multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) is a lymphoproliferative disorder caused by human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) infection HIV associated MCD (HIV-MCD) presents with various clinical symptoms. Many HIV-negative MCD patients are often treated with anti-human interleukin-6 (IL6) receptor monoclonal antibodies (tocilizumab), and successful results have been reported. IL-6 plays an important role in the...

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is known as multiple idiopathic hemorrhagic sarcoma. Its pathogenesis is complicated and related to abnormal angiogenesis, virus infections, etc. Human Herpes Virus-8 (HHV8) is increasingly linked to AIDS-associated KS. Herein, we reported a case of an 80-year-old male of Han ethnicity who developed dark red nodules on the inner popliteal fossa of his left leg without obvi...

ORF74 (or KSHV-vGPCR) is a highly constitutively active G protein-coupled receptor encoded by HHV8 that is regulated both positively and negatively by endogenous chemokines. When expressed in transgenic mice, this chemokine receptor induces an angioproliferative disease closely resembling Kaposi sarcoma (KS). Here we demonstrate that several lines of mice carrying mutated receptors deficient in...

HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a public health challenge in sub-Saharan Africa since both the causative agent, Kaposi's sarcoma associated-herpesvirus (KSHV), and the major risk factor, HIV, are prevalent. In a nested case-control study within a long-standing clinical cohort in rural Uganda, we used stored sera to examine the evolution of antibody titres against the KSHV antigens K8.1 ...

BACKGROUND Infection with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8) often results in the development of fatal tumors in immunocompromised patients. Studies of renal transplant recipients show that use of the immunosuppressant drug rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, both prevents and can induce the regression of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), an opportunistic tumor that arises within a subset of th...