Weedy plant species that have evolved resistance to herbicides due to enhanced metabolic capacity to detoxify herbicides (metabolic resistance) are a major issue. Metabolic herbicide resistance in weedy plant species first became evident in the 1980s in Australia (in Lolium rigidum) and the United Kingdom (in Alopecurus myosuroides) and is now increasingly recognized in several crop-weed specie...

BACKGROUND When applied at the correct plant stage and dose, herbicides are highly toxic to plants. At reduced, low herbicide doses (below the recommended dose) plants can survive and display continuous and quantitative variation in dose-survival responses. Recurrent (directional) selection studies can reveal whether such a phenotypic variation in plant survival response to low herbicide dose i...

Herbicide mixtures are commonly used in agriculture to broaden the spectrum of weed control. The interactions or the combinations may be desirable or undesirable. Acetachlor at 150g/ha applied and ready mix application of anilofos and ethoxysulfuron at 780 g /ha provide effective control of weeds with higher grain yield. Tank mix application of metribuzin with isoproturon at 1.0 kg/ha, clodinof...

Herbicide resistant weeds are becoming increasingly common, threatening global food security. Here, we present BrIFAR: a new model system for the functional study of mechanisms of herbicide resistance in grass weeds. We have developed a large collection of Brachypodium accessions, the BrI collection, representing a wide range of habitats. Wide screening of the responses of the accessions to fou...

Hybridization of Brassica napus L. (oilseed rape) and Raphanus raphanistrum L. (wild radish) has been demonstrated, and may be the first step towards introgression of transgenes in this wild relative. If wild radish were to display a new adaptive advantage by expressing the transgene, this could modify the ecological balance of species within the agro-ecosystem. To determine if transgenes remai...

The second micronekton inter-calibration experiment (MIE-2) was carried out in the coastal area off southeastern Hokkaido Island, Japan, during September 23–October 3, 2005. Comparative tows were made at four stations situated over the upper continental slope with bottom depths of approximately 500 m (Fig. 3.1). This area is strongly influenced by the coastal branch of the Oyashio Current (Kono...

The uptake of the triazine herbicides, atrazine and terbutryn, was determined for two freshwater photosynthetic microorganisms, the green microalga Chlorella vulgaris and the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. An extremely rapid uptake of both pesticides was recorded, although uptake rate was lower for the cyanobacterium, mainly for atrazine. Other parameters related to the herbicide bioco...

This 14-year-old previously healthy girl presents with a 6-week history of increasing fatigue, weakness, and pallor. She was well until 6 weeks before admission when she went on a 2week Mediterranean cruise with her family. During the cruise, she started having nasal congestion and rhinorrhea. Upon returning home, she was prescribed a 10day course of Augmentin for possible sinusitis by one of h...

Site-Directed M utagenesis, Herbicide Binding, Photosystem II Proteins, Photosynthesis, Cyanobacteria Site-directed mutations were created in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803 to alter specific histidine residues of the photosystem II (PS II) D 2 protein. In one mutant (tyr-197). the his-197 residue was replaced by tyrosine, in another mutant (asn-214), his-214 was changed into asparagine. ...