This article provides the state-of-the-art on optimal planning and design of future district heating (DH) systems. The purpose is to provide practical information first-step actions for countries with a low DH market share cooling supply. Previous research showed that those countries, establishing heat atlas accurate geographical data an essential prerequisite promote development In this review...

In a pursuit to increase the efficiency of district heating system there has been continuous focus reduce operating temperatures. This led current state art systems, commonly referred as 4th generation heating, also known low temperature (LTDH). The success LTDH fuelled lot research interest in energy one new topics focusing on reducing temperatures down ambient (ATDH), 5th heating. these syste...