The variable incivility is an indicator used to describe violations of communication norms. These norms can be social established within a society, culture or parts society (e.g. class, milieu group) democratic society. In this sense associated with behaviors that threaten collective face deny people their personal freedoms, and stereotype individuals groups. Furthermore, some scholars include ...

In recent debates on offensive language in participatory online spaces, the term ‘hate speech’ has become especially prominent. Originating from a legal context, usually refers to violent threats or expressions of prejudice against particular groups basis race, religion, sexual orientation. However, due its explicit reference emotion hate, it is also used more colloquially as general label for ...

Hate speech is a phenomenon that affects communication and undermines multicultural society by disrupting intercultural engagement. The internet’s euphoria allows media around the world to witness troubling rise of vitriolic language. Moving beyond Euro-America hate phenomenon, cross-cultural nuanced ethnography has evolved in Malaysia. Therefore, challenge protecting against discrimination, de...

Using the word "hateful" is not the only option in describing patients who induce in clinicians feelings of dread. We suggest an alternative approach to the language of hate, one that seeks dignity and perhaps even a divine spark in every patient.

We inquire into different perspectives and patterns of problematizing online hate speech within the social sciences from a systems-theoretical perspective. Our results identify five research adopted by studies on issue: (1) systematic problems operationalizing (online) speech; (2) intentionalist actors their motives; (3) consequentialist victims (4) media affordances, infrastructures, strategie...

This article's overall research objective will be to critically analyze the foundational theory of hate crimes. The question asks what extent crimes are grounded in a commonplace style elaboration statutory rules, as propounded by Nicolaus Sophist, on bases so-called ‘final headings’. argument seeks sustain view that cognate final headings elaborations order ground judicial denunciation. paradi...

Abstract Hate speech should be tackled and prosecuted based on how it is operationalized. However, the existing theoretical definitions of hate are not sufficiently fleshed out or easily operable. To overcome this inadequacy, with help interdisciplinary experts, we propose an empirical definition by providing a list 10 indicators rationale behind them (the refer to specific, observable, measura...

We present the Gab Hate Corpus (GHC), consisting of 27,665 posts from social network service gab.com, each annotated for presence “hate-based rhetoric” by a minimum three annotators. Posts were labeled according to coding typology derived synthesis hate speech definitions across legal precedent, previous typologies, and psychology sociology, comprising hierarchical labels indicating dehumanizin...

In this commentary, we review the growth of populist politics, associated with exploitation of what has been termed fake news. We explore how certain words have been used in similar contexts historically, in particular the term “enemy of the people,” especially with regard to public health. We then set out 6 principles for public health professionals faced with these situations. First, using th...