Despite the recent advances in avian influenza viruses surveillance and genomic data, fundamental questions concerning ecology evolution of these remain elusive. In Egypt, H5N8 highly pathogenic (HPAIVs) are co-circulating simultaneously with HPAIVs subtypes H5N1 low-pathogenic (LPAIVs) subtype H9N2 both commercial backyard poultry. order to isolate AIVs from wild birds assess their potential c...

The 2014–2015 H5N2/H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemic required $879 million dollars in public expenditures to eradicate the disease from poultry production, making it most costly animal health incident US history. Cost and resource availability are important considerations when determining optimal response plans. However, limited information was available, historically, on w...