In the development of a crashworthy road transport system, guard-rails could play an important role in preventing frontal collisions on roads without separated lanes and in avoiding collisions with roadside objects. Crash pulses in crashes into guard rails may differ from e.g. car-to-car collisions, concerning the duration and mean acceleration. If the characteristics of crash pulses into guard...

In contrast to most plant cells, the cortical microtubules of guard cells remain well organized even after microfibril deposition and cellular differentiation is complete. This has led some researchers to speculate that microtubules might play an important role in the regulation of stomatal function. However, recent pharmacological studies concerning the effects of microtubule inhibitors on sto...

To meet the requirement of efficient cancellation of inter symbol interference (ISI) in high data rate transmissions over time dispersive channels block based transmissions are often adopted. This is the case in orthogonal frequency domain multiplexing (OFDM), cyclic prefix based single carrier (CP-SC) and block transmissions with null guard periods (ZP-SC). Guard periods are inserted between t...

Guard cells surround stomatal pores in the epidermis of plant leaves and stems. Stomatal pore opening is essential for CO2 influx into leaves for photosynthetic carbon fixation. In exchange, plants lose over 95% of their water via transpiration to the atmosphere. Signal transduction mechanisms in guard cells integrate hormonal stimuli, light signals, water status, CO2, temperature, and other en...

Dynamic regulation of stomatal aperture is essential for plants to optimize water use and CO2 uptake. Stomatal opening or closure is accompanied by the modulation of guard cell turgor. Among the events leading to stomatal closure by plant hormones or microbial elicitors, three signaling components stand out as the major converging points. These are reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytosolic free ...

Guard cells can integrate and process multiple complex signals from the environment and respond by opening and closing stomata in order to adapt to the environmental signal. Over the past several years, considerable research progress has been made in our understanding of the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as essential signal molecules that mediate abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal clo...

User mobility in wireless data networks is increasing because of technological advances and the desire for voice and multimedia applications. These applications, however, require fast handoffs between base stations to maintain the quality of the connections. In this paper, the authors describe the use of novel and efficient data structure which dynamically allocates guard channel for handoffs a...

An open edge of a simple polygon is the set of points in the relative interior of an edge. We revisit several art gallery problems, previously considered for closed edge guards, using open edge guards. A guard edge of a polygon is an edge that sees every point inside the polygon. We show that every simple non-starshaped polygon admits at most one open guard edge, and give a simple new proof tha...

In response to drought stress the phytohormone ABA (abscisic acid) induces stomatal closure and, therein, activates guard cell anion channels in a calcium-dependent as well as-independent manner. Two key components of the ABA signaling pathway are the protein kinase OST1 (open stomata 1) and the protein phosphatase ABI1 (ABA insensitive 1). The recently identified guard cell anion channel SLAC1...

Guard cells generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to abscisic acid (ABA), which leads to stomatal closing. The upstream steps of the ABA-induced ROS generation pathway remain largely unknown. In animal cells, ROS generation in neutrophils is activated by phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P). Stomatal guard cells contain PI3P and PI 3-kinase activity. In this study, we tested whe...