Data from pre-clinical and clinical studies provide evidence that colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and other growth factors (GFs) can improve stroke outcome by reducing stroke damage through their anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects, and by promoting angiogenesis and neurogenesis. This review provides a critical and up-to-date literature review on CSF use in stroke. We searched for ex...

Several hemopoietic growth factors have now been purified, cloned, and produced in bacteria. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor are already being used in clinical trials. Within 12 months two more hemopoietic growth factors, macrophage colony stimulating factor (also called colony stimulating factor 1) and interleukin 3 (also called multi-...

Haemopoietic growth factors are involved in the production of the various blood cells from progenitors in the bone marrow, making them useful in a range of clinical situations. The genes for several of them have been cloned and their production engineered by recombinant technology, making them widely available. Myeloid growth factors are used to support patients in the aftermath of chemotherapy...

Haemopoietic stem cells give rise to all the different mature circulating blood cell types by a process of differentiation, proliferation and development. T h e pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells are required throughout the lifespan of an animal because mature cells, such as erythrocytes and neutrophils, are short lived. T h e defining characteristic of the stem cell population is therefore it...

I n eukaryotic cells containing tandem repeated ribosomal RNA genes, there appears a specialized region of chromatin, carrying out gene transcription, rRNA processing, and nascent ribosomal subunit assembly—the nucleolus. One of the first intracellular structures to be described (Montgomery, 1898; Franke, 1988), the nucleolus was established in the 1960s as the center of ribosome synthesis (Sch...

There is an increasing awareness that also growth in FEV1 may be of importance to development of chronic obstructive lung disease in later life. This paper reviews current knowledge on factors in foetal and childhood life that may reduce lung growth. Passive smoking as well as malnutrition in foetal life is related to impaired lung function in later life. Birth weight is a risk factor to lung g...

I n order to have a successful regional planning policy, one needs to know exactly the effective factors on the growth of the provinces. Thus, determining and evaluating these growth rates are important for urban and regional planners. The main goal of this study is to determine the effective factors on the growth (population growth and per capita income growth) of Iran’s provinces. ...