The purpose of this paper is to discuss the relevance of formal specification techniques versus informal and semi-formal techniques and to propose classification aspects for the great variety of specification formalisms. A formal specification technique is considered to be a specification formalism together with a possibly domain specific methodology for the software development process. For th...

The purpose of research is to understand the meaning and dynamics nationalism a founding father, namely Ir. Soekarno. used qualitative methods with psycho-hermeneutic approaches. involved single subject, Namely results showed that contains consistent interactions between affective, cognitive, conative. This seen from as feeling pride towards group perceived nation-state on basis identity awaren...

B-series originated from the work of John Butcher in the 1960s as a tool to analyze numerical integration of differential equations, in particular Runge–Kutta methods. Connections to renormalization have been established in recent years. The algebraic structure of classical Runge–Kutta methods is described by the Connes–Kreimer Hopf algebra. Lie–Butcher theory is a generalization of B-series ai...