a considerable amount of energy is released in the form of shock wave from explosive charge detonation. shock wave energy is responsible for the creation of crushing and fracture zone around the blast hole. the rest of the shock wave energy is transferred to rock mass as ground vibration. ground vibration is conveyed to the adjacent structures by body and surface waves. geological structures li...

Understanding microbial pathogen transport patterns in overland flow is important for developing best management practices for limiting microbial transport to water resources. Knowledge about the effectiveness of vegetative filter strips (VFS) to reduce pathogen transport from livestock confinement areas is limited. In this study, overland and near-surface transport of Cryptosporidium parvum ha...

this pump could be used to irrigate the regions where ground water level is close to land surface and thire is enough wind energy in the region. since advanced pumps are costly, this pump is designed only to send up water one meter high with the flow of one.inexperimental fluid mechanics laboratory of orrsay france amodel of this pump was conducted. results show that the pump could be manufactu...

Methods for measuring or estimating ground shape by a laser range finder and a vision sensor (Exteroceptive sensors) have critical weaknesses in terms that these methods need a prior database built to distinguish acquired data as unique surface conditions for driving. Also, ground information by Exteroceptive sensors does not reflect the deflection of ground surface caused by the movement of UG...

Temperature changes at the Earth surface propagate into the subsurface and leave a thermal signature in the underlying soil and rock. Measurements of subsurface temperatures have been inverted to yield reconstructions of ground surface temperature (GST) histories that provide regional and global estimates of climatic changes. A principal question remaining in the interpretation of reconstructed...