I provide an overview of current theories of scalar implicature: the pragmatic (or Gricean), the lexical and the grammatical theory. The empirical focus are global and local, but also intermediate implicatures. I argue that the grammatical theory is conceptually less well motivated than even a combination of the pragmatic and the lexical theory, and that the grammatical theory therefore require...

Grammatical words represent the part of grammar that can be most directly contrasted with the lexicon. Aphasiological studies, linguistic theories and psycholinguistic studies suggest that their processing is operated at different stages in speech production. Models of sentence production propose that at the formulation stage, lexical words are processed at the functional level while grammatica...

abstractthis study focused mainly on the shifts of the grammatical cohesion in texts translated from english into persian. it aimed to identify the grammatical cohesive devices (gcds) in st and tt separately, based on halliday and hassn's model (1976), determine the number of occurrences of gcds in two texts and finally, illustrate types of shifts of grammatical cohesion and strategies used in ...

35.1 Preliminaries This chapter discusses how linguistic expressions may change their meaning over time. Actually the scope is a bit more limited than that, in the sense that here we will only see examples of how words  e.g. silly, very  change their meaning. The term 'linguistic expressions' includes words, but also larger grammatical constructions. Grammatical constructions  e.g. what in p...

Computational Grammars can be adapted to detect ungrammatical sentences, effectively transforming them into error detection (or correction) systems. In this paper we provide a theoretical account of how adapt implemented HPSG grammars for grammatical detection. We discuss single input reconstructed in multiple ways and, turn, used specific, high-quality feedback language learners. then move on ...

The markedness theory has been becoming an important tool to directly link formal (structural) linguistic data and properties across languages. Markedness is one of the criteria which used determine asymmetry grammatical constructions in languages being learnt. So far, typological analyses on non-verbal Minangkabaunese[1] have not particularly based yet. Therefore, analysis Minangkabaunese ling...

Kanum, a language of southern New Guinea, displays nonconfigurationality only for arguments marked with an overt structural case. After examining a variety of constraints on scrambling, in main and subordinate clauses, I argue that nonconfigurationality is a process of scrambling, rather than independent mapping from functional structure to constituency, and further is dependent on features ass...

Unsupervised learning algorithms have been derived for several statistical models of English grammar, but their computational complexity makes applying them to large data sets intractable. This paper presents a probabilistic model of English grammar that is much simpler than conventional models, but which admits an efficient EM training algorithm. The model is based upon grammatical bigrams, i....

This proof of concept study examines the possibility of specifying the construction of programs using a Particle Swarm algorithm, and represents a new form of automatic programming based on Social Learning, Social Programming or Swarm Programming. Each individual particle represents choices of program construction rules, where these rules are specified using a Backus-Naur Form grammar. The resu...

This study examines the potential of Grammatical Evolution to uncover a series of useful rules which can assist in predicting corporate failure using information drawn from financial statements. A sample of 178 publically quoted, failed and non-failed US firms, drawn from the period 1991 to 2000 are used to train and test the model. The preliminary findings indicate that the methodology has muc...