Cross-linguistic generalizations about grammatical contexts favoring syncretism often have an implicational form. This paper shows that this is expected if (i) morphological paradigms are required to be both as small and unambiguous possible, (ii) languages may prioritize these requirements differently, (iii) probability distributions for features interacting in syncretic patterns fixed across ...

This study aimed at investigating the relative impact of comprehensible input and comprehensible output on the development of grammatical accuracy and syntactic complexity of Iranian EFL learners’ oral production. Participants were 60 female EFL learners selected from a whole population pool of 80 based on the standard test of IELTS. To investigate the research questions, the participants were ...

Historically, grammarians have viewed tenses as simple, unanalysable pieces of grammatical information. Portmanteau may combine tense, aspect, and modality, but these are the main categories. Suzanne Fleischman has proposed a radically new paradigm in which not only verbal forms entire discourse contexts analysed clusters oppositional properties to markedness values apply. It is interaction clu...

The runtime behaviors of software systems are often subject to alteration or intervention after their development cycles for various reasons such as performance profiling, debugging, code specialization, and more. There are two separate domains related to the instrumentation of software systems, one being various performance measurement and instrumentation tools, the other the new aspect orient...

In this paper we explore the consequences of Grammatical Downsizing. Grammatical Downsizing occurs when the rules of morphology, phonology or syntax cause a given formative to be ill-formed in a certain context. We demonstrate with examples from Kannada and Modern Greek that Grammatical Downsizing leads to an extension of the semantic domain of some other formative, redistributing the semantic ...

While most studies of generalised verbal –s report the effects of the Northern Subject Rule (subject type and adjacency between the subject and the verb condition verbal –s), work on this feature in Vernacular Newfoundland English (VNE) report a lack of NSR effects. Instead, verbal –s in VNE is associated with habitual aspect and verb stativity. This paper integrates generative and variationist...

If word strings violate grammatical rules, they elicit neurophysiological brain responses commonly attributed to a specifically human language processor or grammar module. However, an ungrammatical string of words is always also a very rare sequence of events and it is, therefore, not always evident whether specifically linguistic processes are at work when neurophysiological grammar indexes ar...

Grammatical Abstract UngrammaticalUngrammatical Concrete Grammatical Concrete Ungrammatical Abstract Concrete 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00Concrete 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 En do rs em en tr at es Grammatical