Due to the symmetric padding used in the stream cipher Grain v1 and Grain-128, it is possible to find Key-IV pairs that gener­ ate shifted keystreams efficiently. Based on this observation, Lee et al. presented a chosen IV related key attack on Grain v1 and Grain-128 at ACISP 2008. Later, the designers introduced Grain-128a having an asymmetric padding. As a result, the existing idea of chosen ...

Grain size is a trait that is important for rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield potential. Many genes regulating grain size have been identified, deepening our understanding of molecular mechanisms of grain size determination in rice. Previously, we cloned SMALL AND ROUND SEED 5 (SRS5) gene (encoding alpha-tubulin) from a small and round seed mutant and revealed that this gene regulates grain length i...

A significant contribution to the overall mechanical behaviour of microstructural materials is provided by the interaction of dislocation movement and grain boundaries. As a consequence, polycrystals are observed to respond with a higher strength for smaller grain sizes, a phenomenon which can not be modeled with classical single crystal plasticity theories. Gradient plasticity theories have be...

Polarimetry is one of the most informative techniques of studying magnetic fields in molecular clouds. How reliable the interpretation of the polarization maps in terms of magnetic fields is the issue that the grain alignment theory addresses. We show that grain alignment involves several processes acting simultaneously, but on different timescales. We explain that rotating dust grains get subs...

The (relative) energies of symmetric tilt grain boundaries in a strongly segregated lamellar block copolymer are determined by analysis of the dihedral angles at grain-boundary triple junctions. The analysis reveals two regimes: at low and intermediate misorientations (corresponding to a tilt-angle range 0≤θ≤85°) the grain-boundary energy is found to depend on the tilt angle as E(θ)∼θ(x), with ...

Grain rotation is a well-known phenomenon during high (homologous) temperature deformation and recrystallization of polycrystalline materials. In recent years, grain rotation has also been proposed as a plasticity mechanism at low temperatures (for example, room temperature for metals), especially for nanocrystalline grains with diameter d less than ~15 nm. Here, in tensile-loaded Pt thin films...

This study presents atomic scale characterization of grain boundary defect structure in a functional oxide with implications for a wide range of electrochemical and electronic behavior. Indeed, grain boundary engineering can alter transport and kinetic properties by several orders of magnitude. Here we report experimental observation and determination of oxide-ion vacancy concentration near the...

Grain structure control is challenging for metal additive manufacturing (AM). Grain structure optimization requires the control of grain morphology with grain size refinement, which can improve the mechanical properties of additive manufactured components. This work summarizes methods to promote fine equiaxed grains in both the additive manufacturing process and subsequent heat treatment. Influ...

We explore the area efficiency of a class of stream-based dataflow architectures as a function of the grain-size, for a given set of applications. We believe the grain-size is a key parameter in balancing flexibility and efficiency of this class of architectures. We apply a clustering approach on a well-defined set of applications to derive a set of processing elements of varying grain-sizes. T...

Most rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars grown in the United States were selected for endosperm starch properties and not soluble sugar content. The minor pool of soluble sugar may affect the qualities of rice as a food. Some cultivar variation in soluble sugar content was detected in milled grain, essentially the starchy endosperm, of long grain varieties. Milled grain of cultivars Lemont and Tex...