this study aimed at identifying components of the household health costs.this study was a qualitative research conducted in two main phases. the first phase consisted of interviews with sample households selected in eight provinces of iran. they were to identify components of the household health costs. in the second phase, components were determined as direct, indirect and intangible based on ...

We analyze public investment in social infrastructure using a two-period model in which a government must intermediate all infrastructure investment. Voters choose a government from two alternative types, high quality and low quality. A high quality government obtains higher returns on infrastructure but also demands a bigger consumption payoff for intermediating investment, implying higher tax...

The Polish Growth Miracle: Outcome of Persistent Reform Efforts Since the beginning of transition in 1990 from a centrally planned to a market oriented economy, the performance of Poland’s economy has been outstanding if we take GDP growth as our measure. It is not specific reforms that can explain this performance but the radical (“big bang”) reforms at the beginning of transition in conjuncti...

-Regulatory agencies in the energy field have suoeessfully used incentives to encourage lectric and gas utilities to implement conservation measures. We develop a method for allocating federal and state funds to reward local governments that adopt effective travel demand management measures and reduce the need for expenditures on expanded roadway capacity. This method is applied to Sacramento u...

In recent decades, theorists proposed the role of domestic components such as interior active groups, policies and macroeconomic indicators on determination of protection policies. In the context of recent studies, this study has investigated the effect of business cycle fluctuations on import protection for selected developing countries in 1995-2011 by using dynamic panel data method. Furtherm...

For many years European governments have sought to ensure a high degree of competition in off-patent pharmaceutical markets in order to generate price competition and consequently benefits such as improved patient access or savings for payers after patent expiry. The pharmaceutical industry believes that access to valuable new treatments and post-exclusivity competition are essential for the su...

Does a government’s source of revenue explain its policy choices? The most common approach contends that policy variation results from differences in political institutions. We argue that a government’s source of revenue also strongly affects its expenditures, independent of political institutions. Using local government budget data from Tanzania and Zambia, we find that local governments devot...

Does a government’s source of revenue explain its policies? The predominate view in development studies contends that policy variation results directly from institutional variation. Building on a literature which we label fiscal theories of governance, we argue that a government’s sources of revenue strongly affect its public expenditures, independent of institutions. Using data from local gove...

Most of the increased productivity and social wealth in the world over the recent decades can be traced largely to technological innovation. Governments encourage firms’ innovation by providing R&D subsidies and other measures. At the same time, governments regulate technological advancement from the social safety standpoint through various legal and/or institutional measures. Typically, produc...

Article history: Received 7 July 2014 Received in revised form 12 February 2015 Accepted 13 February 2015 Available online 24 February 2015 Central government bailouts of local governments are commonly viewed as a recipe for localfiscal indiscipline, as local governments learn that the center will come to the rescue in times of trouble. However, little is known about the consequences of bailout...