Objective: Neuropathic pain (NP) is a chronic debilitating and caused by disease or lesion of somatosensory system. NP respond worse to the pharmacological drugs leading this still big problem in medical treatment furthermore make many patients seek alternative treatment. Wet cupping therapy (WCT) has been widely used relief both acute pain, but mechanism for reducing not yet clear. Recent stud...

Abbreviations: AMPA: α-amino-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole4-propionate; ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate; BDNF: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; CNS: Central Nervous System; EAAT: Excitatory Amino-Acid Transporter; FGF: Fibroblast Growth Factor; GDNF: Glial-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; GLAST: Glutamate Aspartate Transporter; GLT-1: Glutamate Transporter-1; NO: Nitric Oxide; IL3: Interleukin-3; IL-6: ...

Glutamate uptake is reduced during ischemia because of perturbations of ionic gradients across neuronal and glial membranes. Using immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses, the authors examined the expression of the glutamate transporters EAAC1, GLAST, and GLT-1 in the rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex 8 hours and 1 to 28 days after transient forebrain ischemia. Densitometric analysis of...

We studied the morphology of bipolar cells in fixed vertical tissue sections of the rat retina by injecting the cells with Lucifer Yellow and neurobiotin. In addition to the rod bipolar cell, nine different putative cone bipolar cell types were distinguished according to the position of their somata in the inner nuclear layer and the branching pattern and stratification level of their axon term...