the purpose of this research is to determine indicators for innovation survey in the field of biotechnology in iran. in order to achieve this goal, theoretical basics on innovation survey are required to be studied to reach the needed indicators. finally, with a view to the advantages and weaknesses of the innovation survey procedures and also on the basis of a comparative study in the approach...

Introduction International migration flows have expanded by historical proportions in recent years. In 1960, there was a stock of slightly over 75 million people residing in countries other than their country of birth. By 2005, this number had grown to 190 million. For many developing countries, international labor flows have become a natural outcome of the globalization process, as much as tra...

Cities are dependent on their hinterlands for their function and survival. They provide resources such as people, materials, water, food and energy, as well as areas for waste disposal. Over the last 50 years, commerce and trade has become increasingly global with resources sourced from further afield often due to cheap labour costs, better transportation and a plentiful supply of energy and ra...