This paper describes a new method for hypsometric tinting for small-scale maps. The method generalises digital elevation models by removing small unnecessary details and accentuating major valleys and ridgelines. The elevation data are filtered with lower and upper quartile filters that are combined using a drainage network. The lower quartile filter is applied in valleys, delimited by the drai...

An approach to extract watersheds and watercourses, as well as their corresponding valleys and hills, from grid DTMs and digital images with subpixel accuracy is proposed. The critical points of the terrain, which are essential as the starting points for the construction of these separatrices, are extracted efficiently with subpixel accuracy by a linear-filter-based approach. The separatrices a...

.b rom time to time the existence of typhus has been recorded in Kashmir. In the winter of 1942-43, an epidemic of typhus occurred in Kashmir, and this paper is based on a study of this epidemic. Kashmir is a large valley at about 5,500 feet surrounded by high mountains 12,000 feet high. In the main valley runs the Jhelum river and the tributaries of this river descend from smaller valleys lyin...

Imagine v valleys and all cities placed in this valleys. Cost of traveling from town to town in valley is very small (negligible), let us say equal to 1. When salesmen wants to go to other valley he has to pass mountain chain – this is of a huge cost, let us say equal to 1000. Salesman lives in one of towns in valley A. Optimal solution must then contain 4 mountain chains crossing (from A to B,...

We study joint distributions of cycles and patterns in permutations written in standard cycle form. We explore both classical and generalised patterns of length 2 and 3. Many extensions of classical theory are achieved; bivariate generating functions for inversions, ascents, descents, 123s, valleys, 1’-2-1s; closed forms for avoidance of peaks, 2-3-1s, 1-2-3s, 2’-1-2s and 1’-2-1s; bijective pro...

This paper deals with the problem of speech waveform polarity. As the polarity of speech waveform can influence the performance of pitch marking algorithms (see Sec. 4), a simple method for the speech signal polarity determination is presented in the paper. We call this problem peak/valley decision making, i.e. making of decision whether pitch marks should be placed at peaks (local maxima) or a...

Disordered systems are an important class of models in statistical mechanics, having the defining characteristic that the energy landscape is a fixed realization of a random field. Examples include various models of glasses and polymers. They also arise in other areas, like fitness models in evolutionary biology. The ground state of a disordered system is the state with minimum energy. The syst...

In recent years, remote sensing, morphometric analysis, and other computational concepts and tools have invigorated the field of geomorphological mapping. Automated interpretation of digital terrain data based on impartial rules holds substantial promise for large dataset processing and objective landscape classification. However, the geomorphological realm presents tremendous complexity and ch...

The factors that influence genetic architecture shape the structure of the fitness landscape, and therefore play a large role in the evolutionary dynamics. Here the NK model is used to investigate how epistasis and pleiotropy – key components of genetic architecture – affect the structure of the fitness landscape, and how they affect the ability of evolving populations to adapt despite the diff...