multiple sclerosis (ms) is a disease with high disabling disorders and considerable social and economic impacts. this study was conducted to analyze the spatial distribution of ms disease in tehran, iran during 2001-2012.the existing information in the ms patients' medical files who had registered in iranian ms society (imss), located in tehran office, was used for analysis. the relationship be...

Geographic information systems (GIS) are computer-based tools for geographic data analysis and spatial visualization. They have become one of the information and communications technologies for education at all levels. This article reviews the current status of GIS in schools, analyzes the requirements of a GIS-based learning environment from constructivist perspectives, and discusses the major...

It is possible to eliminate some of the traditional problems with GIS implementation by changing the model of space used. The Voronoi spatial model has bee used as the basis of a set of core GIS or spatial operations, with encouraging results. It has been implemented in a PC environment so as to leave as much flexibility as possible for the designer of any particular application. Examples inclu...

The most important changes in cartography are associated with the development of computer technology (GIS), and regarding the function and usage of maps, the accent has been given to cartographic visualisation. The paper emphasises the need for closer collaboration of informatic experts, geodesists, geographers, spatial planners and others with cartographers. The future of cartography is associ...

Ontologies, as “formal and explicit specifications of shared conceptualizations” [1] play a predominant role when developing information systems. This role is increasingly recognised by geo and urban experts when dealing with urban (geo) spatial information systems (GIS, SIS) and spatial databases (SDB). Generally speaking, they provide significant benefits for the design and use of geographic ...

BACKGROUND Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is endemic in many provinces with high incidence in mainland China, although integrated intervention measures including rodent control, environment management and vaccination have been implemented for over ten years. In this study, we conducted a geographic information system (GIS)-based spatial analysis on distribution of HFRS cases for t...

Geographic information systems manage a large volume of spatial data. We often use it to solve some problems such as urban planning and land use management. Interoperability of GIS is the ability to access spatial data and associated services in a distributed and heterogeneous processing environment. There are many existing spatial databases and GIS applications that are built on those database...

This article presents a logic-based formalism for formal reasoning about visual representations. This formalism is based on previous work about describing visual notations [Haarslev, 1998a]. However, in this article we discuss major extensions to this formalism providing decidable reasoning mechanisms that support truly spatial domains such as geographical information systems (GIS). We demonstr...

The raster cell-by-cell comparison technique commonly referred to as map algebra has become a standard for Geographic Information Systems (GIS) spatial analysis and modelling (Bolstad 2012). Bayesian Belief Networks (BBNs) provide a graphical (and automated) way to display and interact with probabilities of related event information (Pearl 1988). Integrating spatial data with BBNs, at the resol...

Spatial decision making is a fundamental function of contemporary Geographic Information Systems (GIS). One of the most fertile GIS development areas is integrating multiple criteria decision models (MCDM) into GIS querying mechanisms. The classic approach for this integration has been to use Boolean techniques of MCDM with crisp representations of spatial objects (features) to produce static m...