Most of the urban models nowadays consider towns as a flat area without sloping zones. However, in order to obtain a realistic model of a city we need to include the information provided by its Digital Elevation Model (DEM). A global representation using the surface topography and the information usually given by an urban GIS (the geometry of buildings, blocks and streets and additional data ab...

Atomic-scale topography of epitaxial multilayer graphene grown on 4H-SiC(0001) was investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Bunched nano-ridges ten times smaller than previously recorded were observed throughout the surface, the morphology of which was systematically altered using a relatively new technique called electrostatic-manipulation scanning tunneling microscopy. Transfor...

Topography-induced variation of radar brightness still poses a problem in terms of radiometric calibration of SAR data, which is undoubtedly an indispensable step in order to deduce bioor geophysical parameters from amplitude images. We propose an integrated focusing and calibration procedure for airborne SAR data based on the time-domain backprojection technique. With the help of sensor positi...

Several types of flows driven by outflows on the continental shelf are examined mathematically and numerically. Within a quasigeostrophic framework, a variety of vertical structures and topographies are used. Features are explained in terms of potential vorticity conservation. The combined effects of topography and anomalous vorticity of the outflow are studied. First, shelf-like topography is ...

We report the development of a scanning force microscope based on an ultra-sensitive silicon nitride membrane transducer. Our is made possible by inverting standard geometry - in our instrument, substrate vibrating and tip at rest. present first topography images samples placed surface. measurements demonstrate that retains excellent sensitivity when loaded with presence tip. discuss prospects ...

In rugged terrain, topography substantially influences the illumination and observation geometry, thus, bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of a surface. While this problem has been known investigated for spaceborne optical data since 1980s, it led to several well-known topographic correction methods. To date, methods developed were equivalently applied airborne with distinct...

One of the most important challenges in the development of urban railways network is the effects of railway vibrations on human and adjacent structures. Although various investigations into the sources of railway vibrations have been conducted, very few research works have been reported on the influences of track geometry parameters on the level of vibrations. This is addressed in this resea...

Since the structured dimple surface is one of important functional drag-reducing surfaces, research on its efficient fabrication technology great significance for practical application this surface. Therefore, in order to grind surface, a topological mapping grinding method was proposed based kinematics principle and point set topology. Firstly, spaces workpiece wheel were established, features...

the subject of geometry and proportions has been regarded as an issue which has a close relationship with architecture. since the entire universe, living beings and the human geometry can be seen clearly, that’s why our unconscious essence has accustomed to these proportions whereby reflection of this mentality can be seen in the architect’s hands and thought in the architecture. it can witness...

The Alcantara Launch Center (ALC) is the main Brazilian access to space. It positioned over a complex terrain, and it has some important buildings for assembling, integration launching activities, such as Mobile Integration Tower. Being in region of prevalent trade winds, flow interaction between terrain can affect safety operations on platform, dispersion toxic gases emitted during launching. ...