The apparent position of the Sun in relation to any surface is defined by solar incident angle. angle forms vector and normal observed surface. spatial aforementioned vectors determined coordinates, which include: declination, latitude, hour angle, longitude, elevation azimuth surface, inclination north-south direction east-west direction. This article describes detail theoretical model for det...

Parasitoid disturbance populations in agroecosystems can be maintained through the provision of habitat refuges with host resources. However, specialized herbivores that feed on different host plants have been shown to form host-specialized races. Parasitoids may subsequently specialize on these herbivore host races and therefore prefer parasitizing insects from the refuge, avoiding foraging on...

Geographic routing is a procedure often used in sensor networks to route information to a destination specified by geographic coordinates instead of an address. This approach is used primarily in sensor networks, where it offers many advantages when compared to traditional, more static routing methods, which often don’t adapt well to the environmental specifics under which sensors operate. This...

Flight periods of the cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew), were compared in the major sweet and tart cherry-growing regions of Michigan, among neglected orchards, managed orchards, and natural areas containing the ancestral host, black cherry. Traps were deployed from early June to late September 2005 and 2006. Captures indicated that cherry fruit fly has an early flight (June-July) i...

Resistance to insecticides is one interesting example of a rapid current evolutionary change. DNA variability in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (trans-membrane segments 5 and 6 in domain II) was investigated in order to estimate resistance evolution to pyrethroid in codling moth populations at the World level. DNA variation among 38 sequences revealed a unique kdr mutation (L1014F) invol...

many investigations have demonstrated that arid regions display ideal conditions for remote sensing applications such as, land cover/land use detection. the aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of thematic mapper (tm) thermal band in land cover/land use mapping in the ardakan region of yazd province, an area of desert with severe salinity conditions, and the mook region in the f...

In interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) processing, simulation of interferogram is a common practice. It is used as synthetic data to test and validate the whole chain of InSAR processing from the interferogram creation to the DEM reconstruction. The objective of this paper is to develop a simulator for validation of geocoding processing and phase-to-height conversion processing alg...

In this section we provide the form of the projection functions Pv(`, c) that convert from geographic locations to pixel locations in aerial view and street view images. We give the form of the inverse function P−1 v (`′, c) that converts from pixel locations to geographic coordinates. Aerial images: Aerial view imagery in Google maps is represented using a Web Mercator projection, a type of cy...

2. OVERVIEW OF GIR SYSTEM 2.1 Pre-process The GIR system requires a text index and a geographic index. As the text index, those created for existing full-text search can be used. The geographic index is made by using NE recognizer, which locates place name expressions in texts as geo-references and geo-coder, which assigns coordinates to each geo-reference. The geographic index of our method al...