background: breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies among women in various countries. her2 overexpression, which is due to different reasons, occurs in 20-30% of breast cancers. her2 gene encodes an 185kda transmembrane glycoprotein with 1255 amino acids. this active product triggers downstream intracellular signaling pathways inducing cell proliferation and cell survival. these...

background: vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) is a coordinate regulator of physiological angiogenesis during embryogenesis, skeletal growth and reproductive functions. there are several types of vegf, including vegf165. vegfs stimulate endothelial cell growth, angiogenesis, and capillary permeability. low induction temperature is a major factor for expression of the recombinant vegf165 ...

By the penalty function methodwe transform zero-one nonlinear programming problems into unconstrained zero-one integer optimization problems. A particle swarm optimization algorithm with chaos and gene density mutation is given to solve unconstrained the zero-one nonlinear program problems. We use chaos to initialize populations and use the 0-1 integer operation in updating positions to produce...

a:4:{s:10:"Background";s:897:"Human luteinizing hormone (hLH) belongs to glycoprotein hormones which is composed of two non-covalently linked subunit, α and β. The α-subunit is similar in all glycoprotein hormones, whereas the β-subunit is conferring the hormonal specificity. This hormone has important roles in the growth and maturity of sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics and st...

The importance of ‘big data’ in biology is increasing as vast quantities of data are being produced from high-throughput experiments. Techniques such as DNA microarrays are providing a genome-wide picture of gene expression levels, allowing us to investigate the structure and interactions of gene networks in biological systems. Inference of gene regulatory network (GRN) is an underdetermined pr...

lipases catalyze hydrolysis and synthesis of triacylglycerols. these enzymes,especially the microbial ones, have wide commercial and industrial usage. bacillus subtilis lipase has interesting properties such as small size and tolerance to basic ph; therefore, developing techniques for its recognition and isolation is the focus of research in many laboratories. in the present study, two factors ...

We describe a general-purpose method for finding high-quality solutions to hard optimization problems, inspired by self-organized critical models of co-evolution such as the Bak-Sneppen model. The method, called Extremal Optimization, successively eliminates extremely undesirable components of sub-optimal solutions, rather than “breeding” better components. In contrast to Genetic Algorithms whi...

Background: Ovine follicle stimulation hormone (OFSH) is a pituitary glycoprotein and belongs to the family of glycoprotein hormones. This hormone plays a key role in the function of the reproductive system: it is essential for sertoli cell function and spermatogenesis in testis and it stimulates the growth of ovulatory follicles in females. Ovine FSH hormone is a heterodimeric hormone consisti...

Since minimum sum-of-squares clustering (MSSC) is an NP hard combinatorial optimization problem, applying techniques from global optimization appears to be promising for reliably clustering numerical data. In this paper, concepts of combinatorial heuristic optimization are considered for approaching the MSSC: An iterated local search (ILS) approach is proposed which is capable of finding (near-...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an algorithm for global optimization of high-dimensional real-parameter cost functions. Design/methodology/approach – This optimization algorithm, called differential ant-stigmergy algorithm (DASA), based on a stigmergy observed in colonies of real ants. Stigmergy is a method of communication in decentralized systems in which the individual part...