Flotation process in mechanical cells is carried out in highly turbulent conditions. In this work, the impact of impeller speed on four characteristics of the quiescent zone, i.e. zone height, turbulence, solid percentage, and gas holdup, and their relationship with the entrainment is investigated, and it is shown why at a higher impeller speed, entrainment is not significant. The height of the...

In industrial crystallization, all impurity species need to be removed, regardless of the kind present in raw materials. Removing mother liquor is required because a crystal cake with holdup frequently formed by crystalline particles during solid-liquid separation suspension-type melt crystallization. This study aims make clear relationship between and characteristics cake, difference residue b...

Can formal contracts help resolving the holdup problem? We address this important question by studying the holdup problem in repeated transactions between a seller and a buyer in which the seller can make relation-specific investments in each period. In contrast to previous findings, we demonstrate that writing a simple fixed-price contract based on product delivery is of value even when relati...

Abstract Flow patterns exert a fundamental influence on the behaviour of multiphase flows, and they must be brought into play when dealing with their modelling. This is usually done by means summarizing quantities as phase holdups interfacial area concentration. Many techniques have been designed during years to measure them, among which use probes relying electrical resistance one simplest les...