ABsTR^CT.--Resplendent Quetzals (Pharomachrus rnocinno) are typically termed "specialized" fruit-eating birds, although there are few data describing the breadth of their diet or the characteristics of the fruits they select. In fact, there is no general consensus about the meaning or consequences of being a fruit specialist. In the lower montane forests at Monteverde, Costa Rica, quetzals feed...

Revealing neural systems that mediate appetite and aversive signals in associative learning is critical for understanding the brain mechanisms controlling adaptive behavior in animals. In mammals, it has been shown that some classes of dopamine neurons in the midbrain mediate prediction error signals that govern the learning process, whereas other classes of dopamine neurons control execution o...

‘without wings, without legs, without eyes, wallowing well pleased in the midst of a mass of excrement,’ as the author Henry Mayhew described. Flies carried bacterial gastroenteritic diseases and were the cause of significant infant mortality in the late nineteenth century in the absence of good sanitation. The prospect of invasion by the damaging Colorado potato beetle provided impetus for the...

Abstract The use of insecticides in flowering oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L. ) against pest insects such as the brassica pod midge Dasineura brassicae W.) often conflicts with protection pollinating and beneficial insects. is a major insect European production. However, comprehensive sustainable control strategy within framework integrated management (IPM) does not exist, little research on h...

Pesticides are synthetic chemicals that destroy pests and insects, improving vegetation damaging the ruling class. gain vegetation; However, protective use of pesticides goes against traditional ethics Integrated Pest Management (IPM), leading to environmental concerns. It has been observed neonicotinoid their metabolites can continue accumulate in soils. They freely soluble water compulsive, d...

This article presents the results of study apple’s homoptera pests in forest communities Fergana Valley, biological features, harmfulness, features development phases, specific composition most harmful species, food relations, their natural enemies and recommended measures to control them. Species that are a component entomocenoses cultural landscapes negative impact on have been established. I...

We provide a general overview of features and technical specifications of an online, interactive tool for the identification of scale insects of concern to the U.S.A. ports-of-entry. Full lists of terminal taxa included in the keys (of which there are four), a list of features used in them, and a discussion of the structure of the tool are provided. We also briefly discuss the advantages of int...

In 1921, Scutellistacaerulea was imported and released in Nelson, New Zealand, for the biological control of pest scale insects. It was thought to have failed to establish, and is therefore currently considered to be absent from the New Zealand fauna. On 17 April 2013, a live specimen was captured in the wild in Auckland.

New cytogenetic data are reported for 17 species from 15 genera of the families Pseudococcidae, Eriococcidae, Kermesidae, and Coccidae. Twelve species and 6 genera (Peliococcopsis Borchsenius, 1948, Heterococcopsis Borchsenius, 1948, Heliococcus Šulc, 1912, Trabutina Marchal, 1904, Lecanopsis Targioni Tozzetti, 1868, and Anapulvinaria Borchsenius, 1952) were studied cytogenetically for the firs...