mashhad plain is one of the most important regions of apple cultivated areas. occurring spring late frost creates a lot of damages on bud and decreasing the yield of apple in this region. assessment and risk modeling of frost damage would be useful to manage and decrease the damage. the study area is a part of khorasan razavi province which is located in mashhad plain. this region is located in...

LINDOW, S. E., D. C. ARNY, and C. D. UPPER. 1978. Erwinia herbicola: a bacterial ice nucleus active in increasing frost injury to corn. Phytopathology 68: 523-527. Cell suspensions of an isolate of Erwinia herbicola from a herbicola, frost damage was not significantly different from corn leaf were active in ice nucleation at -2.3 C and below, that to controls. The amount of damage increased gre...