The purpose of this study was to examine Cook’s (2003) ‘multiple competence’ by investigating backward pragmatic transfer (from L2 [English] to L1 [Persian]) in refusals to invitations. It explored participants’ frequency and content of refusal strategies in L1 regarding the status (i.e., power and distance) of interlocutors and the proficiency level of EFL learners. The participants were Persi...

OBJECTIVE To examine the frequency domain characteristics of the ground reaction forces of young and elderly females during free walking. DESIGN Independent t-tests were used to examine the frequency content of all three components of the ground reaction force. BACKGROUND Frequency domain analysis has the potential to assist in identifying changes in gait that may be masked in the time doma...

In this paper we propose a new information hiding and extracting method without embedding any information to a target content using non-linear feature extraction trained on frequency domain. Our system can detect a hidden bit code from the content by processing coefficients of the selected feature block of frequency domain. For the generation of the keys which is needed for extracting a bit cod...

Tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films were studied with and without applying fixed pulse bias and frequency at variable pulse widths in double bent Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arc(FCVA) system. Both from Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analyses it has been observed that the ratio of sp/sp is maximal at pulse width of 15 μs with fixed pulse bias 3kV and frequency 200 kHz. Increa...

Skidding operations can cause considerable and wide spread soil disturbance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ground skidding operations on soil compaction, moisture content, and total porosity at different levels of slope and traffic frequency. Four levels of traffic intensity (3, 8, 13, and >13 passes of a Crawler Tractor Onezhets ? 110) and three levels of slope ( ...

Few studies have been conducted on polymeric strip and the behavior of soil retaining walls. This paper will present the effect of frequency on the dynamic behavior of reinforced soil retaining walls with polymeric strips. The frequency content describes how the amplitude of a ground motion is distributed among different frequencies. Since the frequency content of an earthquake motion will stro...

So far, there is no genome-wide estimation of the mutational spectrum in humans. In this study, we systematically examined the directionality of the point mutations and maintenance of GC content in the human genome using approximately 1.8 million high-quality human single nucleotide polymorphisms and their ancestral sequences in chimpanzees. The frequency of C-->T (G-->A) changes was the highes...