Primary and secondary processes are the foundational axes of the Freudian mental apparatus: one horizontally as a tendency to associate, the primary process, and one vertically as the ability for perspective taking, the secondary process. Primary process mentation is not only supposed to be dominant in the unconscious but also, for example, in dreams. The present study tests the hypothesis that...

BACKGROUND The psychodynamic theory of repression suggests that experiences which are related to internal conflicts become unconscious. Previous attempts to investigate repression experimentally were based on voluntary, intentional suppression of stimulus material. Unconscious repression of conflict-related material is arguably due to different processes, but has never been studied with neuroim...

OBJECTIVE To examine the structure of emotions and affective dysregulation in juvenile delinquents. METHOD Fifty-six juvenile delinquents from a local juvenile hall and 169 subjects from a local high school were recruited for this study. All participants completed psychometric testing for trait emotions followed by measurements of state emotions under two conditions (free association and stre...

This study examined the relationship of dissociative symptoms, abuse and neglect, and gender to mean heart rate (HR) in two types of interviews. Participants were 25 female and 16 male delinquent adolescents. Dissociative symptoms and abuse and neglect were assessed by structured interviews. Participants were randomized to one of two conditions, to describe either their most stressful life expe...

Although euphemisms are intended to put a more positive spin on the words they replace, some euphemisms are ineffective. Our study examined the effectiveness of a popular euphemism for persons with disabilities, special needs. Most style guides prescribe against using the euphemism special needs and recommend instead using the non-euphemized term disability; disability advocates argue adamantly...

Psychodynamic conflicts form an important construct to understand the genesis and maintenance of mental disorders. Conflict-related themes should therefore provoke strong reactions on the behavioral, physiological, and neural level. We confronted N = 18 healthy subjects with a vast array of sentences describing typical psychodynamic conflict themes in the fMRI scanner and let them associate spo...

«...You are in the audience of a well-attended medical conference, about to listen to the highly regarded Dr. Fright. ‘I have a new discovery’, Dr. Fright begins. ‘I have isolated the organ system which removes toxins from the blood – I call it the ‘liver’’. Amidst oohs and ahs, Dr Fright provides some evidence for his discovery: ‘when this organ is removed from a rat, toxins quickly build up, ...

the solubility of cdf2 in the mixed solvent (water(1)+ethanol(2)) with mass fraction, w1 = 0.9,was determined by using solvent evaporating method in the presence of various concentrations(0.100, 0.200, 0.300, 0.400, 0.500, 0.600, 0.800 and 1.500 mo1.1)) of naci at 25°c. the values ofsolubility and solubility product constant of cdf2 in the mixed solvent were evaluated at zero ionicstrength upon...

considering the importance of parasitic wasps in biological control of pests, a faunal study was conducted in the year 2012 on eulophid wasps (hym.: chalcidoidea) in rice fields in the east of guilan province, southern coast of caspian sea. several specimens were captured via malaise traps. the specimens were identified as aprostocetus deobensis (graham), aprostocetus mycerinus (walker), elasmu...

this study was conducted based on primary data collected using a questionnaire. a total of 90 respondents among farmers associations were interviewed in kano state of nigeria. therefore, double stage stratified and purposive simple random sampling technique was used to select 30 respondents in each of three (3) farmers associations, one from each of the three (3) agricultural zones of the state...