Indigestible neutral detergent fibers (iNDF) accurately predict forage digestibility when measured in situ. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of rumen incubation times on the estimated concentrations of iNDF for four forages (alfalfa hay, corn silage, wheat straw and orchard grass), four concentrates (barley grain, soybean meal, beet pulp and wheat bran) and two ...

In this paper, the seismic collapse probability of special steel moment-resisting frame (SSMRF) structures under near fault pulse-like and far fault ordinary ground motions is evaluated through fragility analysis. For this purpose, five sample frames with 3 to 15 stories are designed and imposed to the ground motion excitations with different characteristics. Fragility curves are derived for th...

Nowadays it is common to use the fragility curves in probabilistic methods to determine the collapse probability resulting from an earthquake. The uncertainties exist in intensity and frequency content of the earthquake records are considered as the most effective parameters in developing the fragility curves. The pulse-type records reported in the near-fault regions might lead to the major dam...

Placing column lap-splice in the locations of possible nonlinear deformation may adversely affect the structures response to strong ground motions. Localization of damage in splice zone may change the structural response and prevent the load redistribution and development of a uniform pattern of nonlinear excursions among the various members. Validated by existing laboratory experiments, this s...

One of the serious damages of tremendous earthquakes is the damage to bridges as the major components in an    arterial road network, as relief operation is interrupted following cutting roads. Regardless of the magnitude and severity of an earthquake, other factors are also important in the strength and seismic performance of concrete bridges. Freezing-thawing cycles are among the factors, whi...